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ANAT 242 > L3 > Flashcards

L3 Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

describe the pathway of blood drainage in the brain

A

from fine veins in the brain –> pial venous plexuses (veins in the pia) –> cerebral veins –> dural venous sinuses –> internal jugular vein –> heart

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2
Q

describe the pathway for blood drainage from the scalp

A

veins in the scalp –> emissary veins –> dural venous sinuses –>intrajugular vein –> heart

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3
Q

where are the venous sinuses located

A

between the 2 layers of the dura mater

periosteal (top) and meningeal layers

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4
Q

superior and deep structures drain into what sinuses (there’s 5)

A

superior sagittal sinus

inferior sagittal sinus

straight sinus

transverse sinuses (one on each side of the brain)

sigmoid sinus

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5
Q

where is the superior sagittal sinus located

A

it lies along the superior margin of the falx cerebri and joins onto the right transverse sinus

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6
Q

what drains CSF into the superior sagittal sinus

A

arachnoid villi

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7
Q

where is the inferior sagittal sinus located

A

it lies along the inferior margin of the falx cerebri

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8
Q

where does the inferior sagittal sinus join onto

A

the straight sinus

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9
Q

where is the straight sinus located

A

whinin the tentorium cerebelli

towards the back in the midline of the brain

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10
Q

what is the straight sinus protected by

A

the tentorium cerebelli

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11
Q

what does the straight sinus join onto

A

it joins the transverse sinus

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12
Q

where are the transverse sinuses located

A

they run in the horizontal plane

at the back of the brain going from the middle out

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13
Q

what is the sigmoid sinus continuas with

A

the transverse sinus

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14
Q

what does the sigmoid sinus opens up into

A

internal jugular vein

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15
Q

what is the confluens

A

where the sinuses join

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16
Q

inferior structures drain into what sinus

A

cavernous sinuses

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17
Q

where are the cavernous sinuses located

A

lateral to the pituitary gland (on either side) and they are linked with venous channels

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18
Q

where do the cavernous sinuses drain

A

the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses

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19
Q

where are the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses located

A

they are called petrostal because they run over the petrosal bone which is part of the temporal bone

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20
Q

where does the superior petrosal sinus drain

A

into the transverse sinus

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21
Q

where does the inferior petrosal sinus drain

A

the internal jugular vein

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22
Q

the facial skin around the nose and upper lip drain into what veins

A

the ophthalmic veins

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23
Q

where do the ophthalmic veins drain

A

the cavernous venous sinus

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24
Q

how could an infection on the face or the scalp lead to meningitis

A

blood from the scalp is drained into the emissary veins which gets drained into the sinuses. from here the infection could get into the miningies causing meningitis

the facial skin around the nose and upper lip drain into the ophthalmic veins which drain into the cavernous venous sinus

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25
what are the 3 functional areas of the cerebral cortex
motor areas - voluntary motor functions sensory areas - conscious awareness of sensation association areas - the integration of information
26
conscious behaviour involves .......
the entire cortex everything is talking to each other to create a purposeful response/action
27
what are the gyri of the frontal lobe
superior frontal gyrus (front to back. superior is the closest to the longitudinal fissure) middle frontal gyrus inferior frontal gyrus precentral gyrus (middle to out)
28
what are the sulci of the frontal lobe called
superior frontal sulcus inferior frontal sulcus central sulcus
29
what structures are found in the inferior frontal gyrus
orbital (most inferior) triangular opercular (most superior) the triangular and opercular make up broca's area (on the left side)
30
what makes up broca's area
the triangular and opercular
31
what side of the brain is broca's area most likely to be on
left
32
how could you locate broca's area in the brain
where the triangular and opercular come together they form "lips". the lips sit anterior to the lateral sulcus
33
what is another name for the precentral gyrus
the primary somatic motor cortex
34
what is the precentral gyrus responsible for
it is the motor homunculus where the area dedicated to the specific region of the body is proportional to the amount of motor control over that region
35
where to the neurons from the precentral gyrus project to
each pyramidal neuron projects its axon to the spinal cord
36
what is another name for pyramidal tract
corticospinal tract
37
the precentral gyrus supplies about how many axons to the corticospinal tract
30%
38
what muscles in the body have the most precise motor control
face, hands and tongue
39
what is the premotor cortex responsible
learned motor skills eg learning how to play an instrument in coordinates and movement and in also involved in planning that movement
40
the premotor cortex supplies what % of pyramidal tract axons
30%
41
what is the supplementary motor area involved in
motor control, particularly for speech
42
where is the cingulate gyrus located
you can see it in the longitudinal fissure. it sits on top of the lateral ventricle
43
if you damage the supplementary and cingulate motor areas what are the results
loss of desired skilled movements and speech
44
the prefrontal cortex has extensive connections with what other lobes
parietal, temporal and occipital lobes
45
what part of the brain is involved with intellect, complex learning abilities, recall and personality
prefrontal cortex
46
how does the prefrontal cortex mature
it matures slowly and is heavily dependent on +ive and -ive feedback from one social environment (how you grow up)
47
the prefrontal cortex is closely linked to the emotional part of the brain. what is this part of the brain called
the limbic system
48
the link between the limbic system and the prefrontal cortex plays a role in intuitive.....
judgment and mood
49
damage to the prefrontal cortex results in
mental and personality disorders
50
what are the guri in the parietal lobe
the postcentral gyrus supramarginal gyrus the angular gyrus
51
where is the postcentral gyrus located
behind the central gyrus
52
where is the supramarginal gyrus located
it sits at the end of the lateral sulcus
53
where is the angular gyrus located
sits at the end of the superior temporal sulcus
54
there are 2 "sub-lobes" in the parietal lobe. what are these called
the superior and inferior parietal lobes
55
what separates the the superior and inferior parietal lobes
the intraparietal sulcus
56
what is another name for the postcentral gyrus
the primary somatosensory cortex
57
what is the role of the postcentral gyrus
it is dedicated to the sensations of various body parts. the bigger the representation in the cortex the more sensitive it is it is also involved in spatial discrimination
58
occlusion of a branch of the anterior cerebral artery to the primary somatosensory cortex would cause....
contralateral sensory loss greatest in the lower limb
59
occlusion of a branch of the middle cerebral artery to the primary somatosensory cortex would cause....
contralateral sensory loss most severe to the face and upper lip
60
what is another name for the superior parietal lobe
somatosensory association cortex
61
what is the role of the superior parietal lobe
the somatosensory association cortex is involved in integrating different sensory inputs relayed via the primary somatosensory cortex to produce a comprehensive understanding of the..... position of limbs location of touch or pain shape, weight and texture of an object
62
what happens if you damage the somatosensory association cortex
you won't be able to recognise objects without looking at them
63
the gyri forming the walls of the calcarine sulcus form what part of the visual cortex
the primary visual cortex
64
what runs through the middle of the primary visual cortex
the calcarine sulcus
65
what is on either side of the primary visual cortex
the association cortex
66
what does the visual association cortex do
it communicates with the primary visual cortex and interprets visual stimuli (identifies what they are)
67
where are faces recognised
in the temporal lobe
68
how do we do our seeing
with cortical neurons
69
where is the temporal lobe located
inferior to the lateral sulcus
70
name the gyri of the temporal lobe
superior temporal gyrus middle temporal gyrus inferior temporal gyrus parahippocampal gyrus
71
what separates the superior and middle temporal gyrus
the superior temporal sulcus
72
what separates the middle and the inferior temporal gyrus
the inferior temporal sulcus
73
what structures do you see from the ventral surface of the temporal lobe
parahippocampal gyrus uncus rhinal sulcus inferior temporal gyrus occipitotemporal sulcus collateral sulcus
74
what sits under the parahippocampal gyrus
the hippocampus
75
what sits anterior to the parahippocampal gyrus
the uncus
76
what runs lateral to the uncus
rhinal sulcus
77
what runs lateral to the posterior part of the parahippocampal gyrus
the collateral sulcus
78
what runs medial to the inferior temporal gyrus
occipitotemporal sulcus
79
what does amygdala mean
almond (because it looks like a almond)
80
what structures in the temporal lobe are responsible for emotion
the amygdala and the uncus
81
what is the role of the hippocampus
learning and memory
82
what connects the hippocampus to the rest of the brain
The hippocampus is connected to the rest of the brain by a white matter tract. Part of this is called the fimbria
83
what is medial to the hippocampus
the thalamus
84
what is the forex
The forex connects the hip to other brain regions (outlet pathway)
85
where is the septum pellucidum located
on top of the forex
86
wernicke's area is also known as the....
auditory association area
87
what does Wernicke's area do
it is involved in the perception of sound, it stores memories of sound and is involved in the language process
88
when are the neurons in the transverse temporal gyri active
this is an auditory area and the neurons are active when you are listening
89
what is the primary auditory cortex sensitive to
pitch, rhythm and loudness
90
what is the functions of the insular lobe
emotion, homeostasis, cognition and perception/self awareness
91
what is another name for Broca's area
the motor speech area
92
where is Broca's area located
it is the opercular and triangular parts of the inferior frontal gyrus
93
what is Broca's area responsible for
it generates motor programs for the larynx, tongue, cheeks and lips involved in speech it then transmits that to the primary motor cortex for action
94
when does Broca's area become active
when preparing to speak
95
which side of the brain is Broca's area usually located
on the left
96
damage to Broca's area results in.....
nonfluent aphasia
97
what is nonfluent aphasia
slow speech/difficulty choosing words the entire vocabulary may only consist of 2 or 3 words
98
where is Wernicke's area located
the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus
99
what does Wernicke's area do
permits recognition of spoken and written language it creates a plan for speech
100
what happens when you damage Wernicke's area
fluent aphasia
101
what is fluent aphasia
when speech is normal but excessive and makes little sense the person has no understanding of the meaning of words and is not able to repeat them if asked to

ANAT 242 (17 decks)

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