Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

ANAT 242 > L6 > Flashcards

L6 Flashcards

(106 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what could happen if you had a lesion at the optic chiasm

A

you would loose your temporal vision

this is called bitemporal hemianopia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what could cause bitemporal hemianopia

A

a tumor of the pituitary or the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the optic nerve

A

axons of the retinal ganglion cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the optic chiasm

A

fibers originated from nasal retina cross over to the opposite side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the optic tract

A

contains crossed axons from nasal retina & uncrossed axons from temporal retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus do

A

processes & relays visual

information to visual cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the superior colliculus

A

visual reflex centres

controlling the extrinsic eye muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what kind of information does the primary visual cortex process

A

basic visual information

this is contrast information and object orientation

this is the point where you finally have conscious perception of visual images

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what information does the visual association areas process

A

processes visual information concerned

with shape, colour & movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where does complex visual processing happen

A

the ventral parts of the temporal lobe

the parietal cortex

the frontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the ventral parts of the temporal lobe responsible in terms of vision

A

identify objects in the visual field (what)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the parietal cortex responsible in terms of vision

A

assess the spatial location of objects (where)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the frontal cortex responsible in terms of vision

A

uses visual information to

guide movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

where do the oculomotor nerves extend from

A

the ventral midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what structure do the oculomotor nerves pass through to get to the eye

A

the superior orbital fissure

many of the cranial nerves pass through here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

oculomotor nerves are mixed nerves but they are often described as

A

chiefly motor nerves

they are mixed but it mainly has motor functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how many extrinsic eye muscles are there

A

6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

somatic motor axons of the oculomotor nerves have connections to which extrinsic eye muscles

A

it has connections to four of the six extrinsic eye muscles

these are the inferior oblique muscle and superior, inferior and medial rectus muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

the inferior oblique muscle and superior, inferior and medial rectus muscles are responsible for what

A

moving the eyeball

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the oculomotor nerves also have connections to the palpebrae superior muscle. what is this responsible for

A

raising the upper eyelid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what do the parasympathetic (autonomic) motor axons have connections to

A

connections to constrictor muscles of iris which cause the pupil to constrict

they also have connections to the ciliary muscle which controls the shape of lens for visual focusing

NOTE para = smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the one sensory function of the oculomotor nerve which causes it to be a mixed nerve not a motor nerve

A

it receives sensory inputs from the eye muscles which go to the midbrain

this is for proprioception (detecting length and tension in the muscles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the motor functions of the oculomotor nerves

A

Provide most of the movement of each eye

it also causes the opening of eyelid, constriction of pupil and focusing of the lense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

damage to the oculomotor nerve would cause….

A

drooping upper eyelid, dilated pupil, double vision, difficulty focusing & inability to move eye in certain directions

this would happen because the eye muscles would not be working properly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
where do the axons of the trochlear nerve extend from
from the dorsal midbrain
26
how do the axons of the trochlear get from the dorsal midbrain to the eye
the cross ventrally around the midbrain, pass through the superior orbital fissure to the eye
27
what is special about the trochlear nerves
it is the only cranial nerve that emerges from the dorsal part of the brainstem
28
what is meant by SO4
superior oblique is innervated by the 4th cranial nerve
29
what does the superior oblique muscle do
rotates the eye downward and laterally
30
what nerve innervates the superior oblique
the trochlear nerves supply motor axons and carry proprioceptive axons to and from the superior oblique
31
how do the trochlear nerves get their name
because the superior oblique muscle has a tendon that hooks around a pulley called a trochlea
32
what does damage to the trochlear nerve cause
double vision & inability to rotate eye inferolaterally this happens because the muscles are unable to work together
33
where do the axons of the trigeminal nerve extend from
Axons extend from face to pons (S) & pons to muscles (M)
34
where are the cell bodies of the trigeminal neurons located
in the trigeminal ganglia This is large and equivalent to dorsal root ganglia
35
the trigeminal nerve has a large and a small companant. what are these responsible for
Small = motor Large = sensory
36
axons of the trigeminal nerve run from the ophthalmic division (V1) to the pons via....
the superior orbital fissure
37
the ophthalmic division (V1) of the trigeminal nerve conveys information from.....
Convey sensory impulses from skin of anterior scalp, upper eyelid & nose, & from nasal cavity mucosa, cornea & lacrimal (tear) gland
38
the trigeminal nerve receives sensory input from 3 divisions of the face. what are these
ophthalmic division (V1) maxillary division (V2) mandibular division (V3)
39
maxillary division (V2) axons run from the face to the pons via...
the foramen rotundum rotundum because it is a round hole
40
maxillary division (V2) axons convey information from where
sensory impulses from nasal cavity mucosa, palate, upper teeth, skin of cheek and upper lip This is the nerve that is anesthetized when doing work on your upper teeth
41
mandibular division (V3) axons run from the face to the pons via...
foramen ovale (because it is a oval hole)
42
mandibular division (V3) axons convey information from where
sensory impulses from anterior tongue (not taste buds, it is pain and temp), lower teeth, skin of chin, & temporal region of scalp
43
which division of the trigeminal nerves is sensory and motor
mandibular division (V3)
44
what is the motor branch of the mandibular division (V3) responsible for
Supply motor axons to (carry proprioceptor axons from) muscles of mastication these are the chewing muscles
45
what is the largest cranial nerve
the trigeminal nerve (5)
46
what is the main sensory nerve of the face
the trigeminal nerve (5)
47
what sensory information does the trigeminal nerve (5) carry
transmitting afferent impulses from touch, temperature & pain receptors
48
damage to the trigeminal nerve (5) causes
loss of sensation in the face and impaired chewing
49
what is Tic Douloureux (Trigeminal Neuralgia)
it is the inflammation of the trigeminal nerve (the part nearest the pons) this inflammation causes excruciating pain as it puts pressure in the nerve root
50
what provokes that pain of Trigeminal Neuralgia
provoked by sensory stimulus in the area of supply to the trigeminal nerve
51
what is the treatment for Tic Douloureux (Trigeminal Neuralgia)
analgesics - partially effective Nerve cut in severe case to relieve pain (but causing sensation loss
52
abducens nerve axons extend from where
the inferior pons
53
abducens nerve axons get from the inferior pons to the eye via.....
the superior orbital fissure
54
what muscle in the eye does the abducens nerve innovate
lateral rectus muscle
55
what is the lateral rectus muscle responsible for
eye movement it abducts the eyeball
56
what does damage to the abducens nerves result in
Damage results in inability to rotate eye laterally & at | rest eye rotates medially (because there is nothing to oppose the activity of that nerve)
57
which part of the face are the facial nerves related to
that lateral aspect
58
what is the pathway that the facial nerve axons take to get to the lateral aspect of the face
Axons emerge from pons, enter temporal bone via internal auditory meatus and run within bone (through inner ear cavity) before emerging through stylomastoid foramen; course to lateral aspect of face
59
what are the 5 branches of the facial nerve
temporal zygomatic buccal mandibular cervical
60
what do the 5 branches of the facial nerve allow for
This is motor and is what allows you to move your face
61
what carinal nerve is the major motor output to the face
the facial nerves (7) supply skeletal muscles of the face
62
parasympathetic motor impulses for the facial nerves stimulate what
the lacrimal (tear) glands, nasal & salivary glands
63
which nerve conveys sensory impulses from the taste buds of the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue
the facial nerve
64
damage to the facial nerves causes
Damage produces sagging facial muscles & disturbed | sense of taste (missing sweet, salty & umami)
65
what is bells palsy characterised by
characterised by paralysis of facial muscles (affected side) & partial loss of taste sensation it is usually only one side of the face therefore it is unilateral
66
what is bells palsy caused by
viral infection causing inflammation of facial nerve
67
what are the symptoms of bells palsy
symptoms: lower eyelid droops, corner of mouth sags, tears drip continuously, eye cannot be completely closed, paralysed face is 'pulled'.
68
what is the treatment for bells palsy
steroids and rest
69
where do the vestibulocochlear nerve axons arise from
Axons arising from hearing & equilibrium apparatus | within inner ear of temporal bone
70
where do the axons of the vestibulocochlear nerve enter the brainstem
the pons-medulla border
71
in order for the vestibulocochlear nerve to get from the inner ear to the brainstem, what structure does it pass through
the internal acoustic meatus
72
what kind of verves are vestibulocochlear nerves
purely sensory
73
what sensory information do the vestibulocochlear nerves provide
``` Provide hearing (cochlea nerves) and sense of balance (vestibular nerves) ```
74
damage to the vestibulocochlear nerves causes what
Damage produces deafness, dizziness, nausea, loss of balance and nystagmus (rapid involuntary eye movements)
75
what is nystagmus
rapid involuntary eye movements this happens because the sensory system becomes disordered
76
describe the auditory pathway
the inner hair cell is stimulated. this passes through the vestibulocochlear nerve to the cochlear nucleus. this then goes to the superior olivary nucleus -> inferior colliculus -> medial geniculate body of the thalamus -> primary auditory cortex (transverse temporal gyrus)
77
where do axons from the glossopharyngeal nerve arise from
the medulla
78
what does the glossopharyngeal nerve innovate
glosso = tongue pharyngeal = throat
79
where do the axons from the glossopharyngeal nerve leave the skull
the jugular foramen
80
the motor axons of the glossopharyngeal nerve go to.....
stylopharyngeus (a pharyngeal muscle) these axons also carry proprioceptors from this muscle
81
the glossopharyngeal nerve provides parasympathetic motor axons to where
parotid salivary gland
82
what do the sensory axons of the glossopharyngeal nerves conduct
Sensory axons conduct taste & general sensory impulses from pharynx & posterior 1/3 of tongue they also conduct sensory impulses from chemoreceptors in the carotid body & pressure receptors of carotid sinus
83
what is the glossopharyngeal nerves role is blood pressure
chemoreceptors in the carotid body detect O2 levels and pressure receptors in the carotid sinus detect blood pressure
84
what are the overall roles of the glossopharyngeal nerves
Provide control over swallowing, salivation, gagging, sensations from posterior 1/3 of tongue, control of blood pressure & respiration
85
damage to the glossopharyngeal nerves results in....
Damage results in loss of bitter & sour taste, and | impaired swallowing
86
where do axons from the vagus nerve emerge from
the medulla
87
what is the pathway of the vagus nerve from the medulla to the structures that it innovates/receives sensory information from
Axons emerge from medulla, pass through skull via jugular foramen, descend through neck region into thorax & abdomen
88
what is the reason for the naming of the vagus nerve
Vagus because it has a vague extensive territory
89
what structures do motor axons of the vagus nerve travel to (skeletal and parasympathetic)
Supply motor axons to (carry proprioceptor fibers from) skeletal muscles of pharynx & larynx Parasympathetic motor fibers supply heart, lungs & abdominal viscera
90
the sensory axons of the vagus nerve carry impulses from....
thoracic & abdominal viscera chemoreceptors in the carotid & aortic bodies pressure receptors of carotid sinus taste buds of posterior tongue & pharynx
91
which is the only cranial nerve extending beyond the head & neck to the thorax & abdomen
the vagus nerve (10)
92
what makes up the majority of the motor axons in the vagus nerve
parasympathetic axons
93
what would happen if both of the vagus nerves were cut
they provide swallowing & speech and regulate activities of major viscera therefore if these things didn't happen you would die
94
partial damage to the vagus nerve would cause....
hoarseness or loss of voice, impaired swallowing & digestive system mobility
95
how do the accessory nerves get their name
because they are accessories for the vagus nerve they join into the vagus nerve eventually
96
the cranial root joins with axons of vagus nerve to | supply motor axons to where
the larynx, pharynx & soft palate
97
damage to the cranial root of the accessory nerve results in....
Damage causes hoarseness or loss of voice & impaired swallowing
98
Spinal root (C1-C5) supplies motor axons to (and conveys proprioceptor impulses from) which muscles
trapezius & sternocleidomastoid muscles
99
what are the trapezius & sternocleidomastoid muscles responsible for
provides head, neck & shoulder movement
100
what is the spinal root
C1 - C5
101
what are the symptoms of damaging the spinal root of the accessory nerve
impaired head, neck | & shoulder movement. eg. unable to shrug on one side if unilateral injury
102
how does the hypOglossal nerve get its name
hypO = below the tongue
103
where do the axons of the hypOglossal nerve arise from
a series of root from the medulla this is between the pyramid and the olive
104
where do axons from the hypOglossal nerves leave the skull (to get to the tongue)
they hypoglossal canal
105
where do the hypoglossal nerves provide somatic motor axons to
intrinsic & extrinsic muscles of the tongue this provides tongue movement for speech, food manipulation & swallowing
106
what does damage to the hypoglossal nerves cause
difficulties in speech & swallowing Both sides - inability to protrude tongue One side - tongue deviates (leans) towards injured side & results in ipsilateral atrophy eventually

ANAT 242 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions