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ANAT 242 > L5 > Flashcards

L5 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the structures in the brain stem

A

the midbrain, pons and medulla

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2
Q

where is the brainstem located

A

between the forebrain and the spinal cord. it is also connected to the cerebellum dorsally

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3
Q

what is the function of the brain stem

A

it provides a pathway for axonal tracts running between the forebrain, cerebellum and spinal cord

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4
Q

what structures are associated with the brainstem

A

the 10 pairs of cranial nerves

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5
Q

are the cranial nerves part of the CNS or the PNS

A

the are peripheral nerves therefore they are part of the PNS

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6
Q

the cerebral peduncles (or crus cerebri) are part of what brainstem structure

A

the midbrain

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7
Q

cerebral peduncles are cuolquly known as….

A

the little feet of the cerebrum

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8
Q

what are the cerebral peduncles

A

they are white matter tracts (axons) that descend from the cerebral cortex to the brainstem and spinal cord

these pass logitudional through the ventral surface of the midbrain which gives it a stripy appearance

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9
Q

what is the role of the cerebral peduncles

A

they help anchor the cerebrum to the brainstem

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10
Q

the midbrain contains 2 cranial nerves. which are these

A

the 3rd (anteriorly) and the 4th (posteriorly)

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11
Q

what are the colliculi

A

they are 2 pairs of mounds on the 4th cranial nerve

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12
Q

what are the names of the colliculi of the 4th crainial nerve

A

the superior colliculis and the inferior colliculus

these can also be known as the higher and lower hill

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13
Q

there is a superior, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncle. where are theses located

A

superior is the midbrain

middle is the pons

inferior is the medulla

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14
Q

what is the superior colliculis involved in

A

it is the visual relay and reflex centre

concerned with the detection of movement of
objects in the visual field

it relays vision information to neurons innervating
the muscles that control eye movement

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15
Q

what is the inferior colliculis involved in

A

it is the auditory relay and reflex nuclei

relaying auditory information from hearing
receptors of the ear to the sensory cortex

act in reflexive responses to sound (e.g., startle reflex)

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16
Q

what is anterior to the superior and inferior colliculis

A

the cerebral aqueduct

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17
Q

where does the superior colliculis receive inputs from

A

the retina/visual cortex

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18
Q

where does the superior colliculis project to

A

project to vision-related areas in cortex

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19
Q

what colour is the substantia nigra. why

A

black because it contains melanin pigment which is the precursor of dopamine

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20
Q

where is the substantia nigra located

A

deep to the cerebral peduncle

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21
Q

what structure is the substantia nigra functionally linked to

A

the basal ganglia/nuclei

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22
Q

what causes Parkinson’s disease

A

dopamine neuron degeneration

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23
Q

what are the 2 parts of the substantia nigra

A

pars compacta (SNpc)

pars reticular (SNpr). this is ventral to SNpc

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24
Q

which part of the substantia nigra contains the dopamine neurons

A

pars compacta (SNpc)

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25
which part of the substantia nigra acts as the break for unwanted movement
pars reticular SNpr
26
how does pars reticular (SNpr) act as a brake for unwanted movement
SNpr has connections similar to the internal division of the globus pallidus (GPi) therefore it causes inhibitory input to the thalamus
27
where is the red nucleus located
it lies deep to the substantia nigra
28
why is the red nucleus known as the red nucleus
it has a rich blood supply and contains ion pigment
29
what is the function of the red nucleus
it is a relay nucleus in some descending motor pathways
30
what is the name of the 3rd cranial nerve
oculomotor
31
what is the name of the 4th cranial nerve
trochlear
32
what are the structures of the midbrain
Cerebral peduncles Colliculi - superior colliculi - inferior colliculi Substantia nigra Red nucleus Cranial nerves - oculomotor (III) - trochlear (IV) Cerebral aqueduct Superior cerebellar peduncle Mammillary bodies
33
what are the mammillary bodies
the are related to the hippocampus
34
what cranial nerves extend from the pons
5, 6, 7, 8 the trigeminal abducens facial vestibulocochlear
35
what structures are part of the pons
trigeminal, abducens, facial and vestibulocochlear cranial nerves the 4th ventricle and the middle cerebellar peduncle
36
what is the pons composed of
conduction tracts - both ascending sensory and descending motor tracts it is also composed of pontine nuclei
37
what is an example of a pontine nuclei
the pneumotaxic centre also known as the respiratory centre
38
what is the role of the pneumotaxic centre
it helps to maintain normal rhythm of breathing it does this together with the medullary centre (this is to do with the medullary neurons)
39
where is the 4th ventricle in relation to the pons
the 4th ventricle is posterior to the pons
40
what cranial nerves are associated with the medulla
9, 10, 11, 12 glossopharyngeal vagus accessory hypoglossal
41
what structures are associated with the medulla
Pyramids Olives Cranial nerves - glossopharyngeal (IX) - vagus (X) - accessory (XI) - hypoglossal (XII) 4th ventricle Inferior cerebellar peduncle
42
what are the pyramids formed by
formed by the large pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts descending from the motor cortex
43
what is the pyramidal decussation
it is where axons of pyramidal tracts cross over to the opposite side at the level just above the medulla-spinal junction (at the level of the foramen magnum)
44
what are the olives
The olive are protrusions out from the pyramids
45
what do the olives contain
inferior olivary nuclei
46
what is the role of the inferior olivary nuclei
they relay sensory information to the cerebellum
47
what makes the floor of the 4th ventricle
the medulla and the pons
48
what is the fasciculus gracilis
it is a medial fiber tract which carries sensor information from the upper limb
49
what is the fasciculus cuneatus
it is the lateral fiber tract which carries sensory information from the lower limb
50
what are the roles of the medulla
Role in maintaining body homeostasis Cardiovascular centre - Cardiac centre adjusts rate and force of heart beat to meet the body’s needs - Vasomotor centre adjusts blood vessel diameter to regulate blood pressure Respiratory centres - control rate and depth of breathing (together with centre in pons) Other reflex centres - controls activities such as coughing, sneezing, gagging, swallowing, vomiting, sweating
51
what happens if you have a stroke in the medulla or the pons
you will die because this is where the cardiac and respiratory centres are therefore if those aren't working, you can't beat your heart and can't breath you will die
52
what is the medullas role in homeostasis
The hypothalamus is an important autonomic control centre. It sends its instructions to the medullary reticular centres (networks of neurons), which carry them out by synapsing with the target structure(s)
53
what happens to the anatomy of the medulla as it goes into the spinal cord
Segmental arrangement of spinal cord ceases ( the spinal cord has levels eg C1 to L2, this is not the case for the medulla) you also have the reorganisation of white and grey matter - Columns of white matter become distinct tracts - Grey matter arranged into distinct nuclei
54
how many pairs of cranial nerves are there
12
55
how many pairs of cranial nerves are associated with the brainstem
10
56
how many pairs of cranial nerves are associated with the forebrain
2
57
what kind of nerves are the cranial nerves
the are peripheral nerves these nerves can either be pure sensory, pure motor or mixed
58
what are some of the sensory functions of the crainial nerves
- touch, pain for face - hearing, vision, smell - visceral organs
59
what are some of the motor functions of the cranial nerves
eye movement jaw & tongue muscles, facial expression visceral organ activity
60
what are the names of the cranial nerves Old Opie occasionally tries trigonometry and feels very gloomy, vague and hypoactive
I. Olfactory II. Optic III. Oculomotor IV. Trochlear V. Trigeminal VI. Abducens VII. Facial VIII. Vestibulocochlear IX. Glossopharyngeal X. Vagus XI. Accessory XII. Hypoglossal
61
which cranial nerves are sensory, motor and mixed "Some Say Money Matters But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most"
I. Olfactory = s II. Optic = s III. Oculomotor = m IV. Trochlear = m V. Trigeminal= mixed (both) VI. Abducens = m VII. Facial = mixed VIII. Vestibulocochlear = s IX. Glossopharyngeal = mixed X. Vagus = mixed XI. Accessory = m XII. Hypoglossal =m
62
which cranial nerves are located in the forebrain
I. Olfactory II. Optic
63
which cranial nerves are located in the midbrain
III. Oculomotor IV. Trochlear
64
which cranial nerves are located in the pons
V. Trigeminal VI. Abducens VII. Facial VIII. Vestibulocochlear
65
which cranial nerves are located in the medulla
IX. Glossopharyngeal X. Vagus XI. Accessory XII. Hypoglossal
66
what are the olfactory nerves
tiny sensory nerves called filaments
67
where are the olfactory nerves located
run from the nasal mucosa, pass through cribriform plate of ethmoid bone to synapse with the olfactory bulb
68
the olfactory nerves are sensory. what sensation do they provide
sense of smell
69
how would you damage the olfactory nerve and what would this damage cause
Damage causes impaired sense of smell (anosmia) you could do this by fracture of ethmoid bone
70
describe the visual projection pathway
optic nerve -> optic chiasm ->optic tract -> superior colliculis -> lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus -> optic radiation -> occipital lobe

ANAT 242 (17 decks)

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