L1: INTRO TO MICROBIOLOGY Flashcards
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1
Q
In the word microbiology, “micro” means
A
small
2
Q
In the word microbiology, “bios” means
A
life
3
Q
In the word microbiology, “logia” means
A
study
4
Q
Scientific study of microorganisms, those being of unicellular (single-celled), multicellular (consisting of
complex cells), or acellular (lacking cells)
A
Microbiology
5
Q
5 SUB DISCIPLINES of MICROBIOLOGY
A
BACTERIOLOGY
VIROLOGY
MYCOLOGY
PARASITOLOGY
IMMUNOLOGY
6
Q
Prokaryotes consists of ___ & ___
A
bacteria & archea
7
Q
Eukaryotes consists of ___ & ___
A
Plant cells & Animal cells
8
Q
what is absent in prokaryotic cells but is present in eukaryotic cells
A
nucleus and cellular organelles
9
Q
How does bacteria replicate
A
binary fission
10
Q
Fungi and Parasites. Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic
A
Eukaryotic
11
Q
bacteria came form the word
A
“baktēría”
12
Q
“baktēría” means ____ or cane
A
staff
13
Q
bacteria was first discovered due to its ___ shape
A
rod shape
14
Q
singular term for bacteria
A
BACTERIUM
15
Q
plural term for bacteria
A
BACTERIA
16
Q
bacteria reproduce through
A
binary fission
17
Q
bacteria size is measured through
A
micron or micrometer
18
Q
size range of bacteria
A
0.1u to 18u
19
Q
size of most pathogenic bacteria
A
0.u - 10u
20
Q
bacteria cause most of ___ infection
A
human infection
21
Q
how bacteria is named. ____ + _____ = specie
A
Genera + Specific name
22
Q
The species name of bacteria should be written in ____
A
italic or capitalized first letter
23
Q
invented compounding of lenses
A
Zacharias Janssen (1570-1638)
24
Q
modified the basic design of the microscope
A
Robert Hooke (1635-1703)
25
First to discover the cell
Robert Hooke (1635-1703)
26
described the forms of fungi such as bluish mold on a piece of leather
Robert Hooke (1635-1703)
27
Antony van Leeuwenhoek is the Father of ____
Father of Microbiology
28
first to observe and to experiment with microbes
Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
29
inventing the process that bears his name, pasteurization
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
30
Discover the principle of immunization
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
31
known for the isolation of microorganisms causing Anthrax and Tuberculosis.
Robert Koch (1843-1910)
32
developed solid media for culturing bacteria and various techniques to isolate
bacteria.
Robert Koch
33
the Father of Antisepsis developed antiseptic surgical procedures
Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
34
first person to isolate bacteria (Bacillus lactis) in pure form in a liquid culture
form
Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
35
developed the most important staining method in 1884 to visualize bacteria
known as Gram Staining
Hans Christian Gram (1853-1938)
36
1928 discovered the antibiotic Penicillin which has been extensively used
since then
Alexander Fleming (1881-1955)
37
The concept of vaccination was invented by this British physician.
Edward Jenner (1749-1823)
38
non pathogenic organism, their natural habitat is dead organic matter
saprophytes
39
unicellular or metazoan organism living in or on an organism of another species (host) on the expense of the host
Parasites
40
Classic disease-causing pathogens
Pathogenic microorganisms
41
can cause disease in immunocompromised individuals given an "opportune" situation, frequently germs of the normal flora
Opportunists or facultatively pathogenic organisms
42
capacity of a pathogen species to cause disease
Pathogenicity
43
sum of the disease causing properties of a strain of a pathogenic species
Virulence
44
Time between infection and manifestation of disease symptoms: can be measures in hours, days, weeks or even years
incubation period
45
A parasitological term: time between infection and first appearance of products of sexual reproduction of the pathogen
Prepatency
46
the totality of host species "susceptible" to infection by a given pathogen
Infection spectrum
47
Smallest number of pathogens sufficient to cause an infection
minimum infective dose
48
Method or pathway used by pathogen to invade host
mode of infection
49
microbiological presence of microorganisms on objects, in the environment, or in samples for analysis
contamination
50
presence of microorganism on skin or mucosa; typical of normal flora
colonization
51
invasion of a host organism by microorganisms, proliferation of the invading organisms and host reaction
infection
52
infection without outbreak of clinical symptoms
inapparent/sub-clinical INFECTION
53
infection with outbreak of clinical symptoms
infectious disease/ clinical infection
54
frequency of clinical manifestation of an infection in disposed individuals
probability of manifestation
55
infection arising from the colonizing flora
endogenous infection
56
infection arising from invasion of host by microorganisms from sources external to it
exogenous infection
57
infection acquired during hospitalization (UTI, infections of the respiratory organs, wound infection, sepsis)
nosocomial infection
58
infection that remains restricted to the portal of entry and surrounding area
local infection
59
60
lymphogenous and/or hematogenous spread of invading pathogen from the portal of entry: infection of organs to which pathogen shows a specific affinity
generalized infection
61
generalized infection three stages
incubation, generalization, organ manifestation
62
63
6 Factors Affecting Growth of Bacteria
Air - O2, CO2
Temperature
pH
Light
Osmotic Pressure
Nutrients
64
bacteria that needs oxygen to live
Aerobic Bacteria
65
3 types of aeroebic bacteria/aerobes
Obligate aerobes
Facultative aerobes
Microaerophilic bacteria
66
bacteria which can grow only in the present of oxygen
Obligate aerobes
67
example of obligate aerobes
P. aeruginosa
68
bacteria which are ordinary aerobes but can also grow without oxygen
Facultative aerobes
69
E. coli is what type of aerobe?
facultative aerobe
70
those bacteria that can grow in the presence of low oxygen and in the presence of low (4%) concentration of carbon dioxide
Microaerophilic bacteria
71
example of microaerophilic bacteria
Campylobacter jejuni
72
can live without 02, lack superoxide dismutase and catalase hence oxygen is lethal to these organisms
anaerobic bacteria
73
bacteria that can grow only in the absence of oxygen
obligate anaerobes
74
example of obligate anaerobes
Clostridium sp
75
the organisms that require higher amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) for their growth are called
capnophilic bacteria
76
capnophilic bacteria grow well in the presence of ____ CO2 and ____ O2
5-10% CO2 and 15% O2
77
ex. of capnophilic bacteria
H. influenzae, Brucella abortus
78
optimum temp for bacteria
37°C
79
These bacteria are cold loving microbes that grow within a temperature range of 0-20°C. Most of soil and water saprophytes belong to this group.
Psychrophiles
80
Psychrophiles example
Arthrobacter sp,
Psychrobacter sp
81
These are moderate temperature loving microbes that grow between 25°C and 40°C. Most of pathogenic bacteria belong to this group
Mesophiles
82
These are heat loving microbes. They can grow at a high
temperature range of 55°C–80°C. B. stearothermophilus is an example.
Thermophiles
83
Most pathogenic bacteria grow between pH ___ and ___
7.2 and 7.6.
84
Very few bacteria, such as ____, can grow at acidic pH below 4.0.
lactobacilli
85
____ is an example of the bacteria that can grow at an alkaline (8.2–8.9) pH.
V. cholerae
86
Depending on the source of energy bacteria make use of, they may be classified as
Phototrophs and Chemotrophs
87
bacteria deriving energy from sunlight
Phototrophs
88
bacteria deriving energy from chemical sources
Chemotrophs
89
Organisms requiring high osmotic pressures are called
OSMOPHILIC BACTERIA
90
Sudden exposure of bacteria to hypertonic solution may cause osmotic
withdrawal of water, leading to osmotic shrinkage of the protoplasm which is called
plasmolysis
91
On the other hand, sudden transfer of bacteria from concentrated solution to
distilled water may cause excessive imbibition of water leading to swelling and bursting of cell
plasmoptysis
92
beneficial uses of bacteria
Decay and Decomposition
Soil fertility
Industrial production (dairy products, vinegar fermentation, probiotics)
Medicines (Antibiotics, vaccines, serums)
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
93
2 types of immunity
innate immunity
adaptive/acquired immunity
94
2 types of innate immunity
specific and non specific
95
2 types of adaptive/acquired immunity
active and passive
