L10

Question 1

What are intellectual disabilities?

Answer 1

These are disabilities characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and in adaptive behaviour

Question 2

When do ID’s originate? How many CAD live with these? How many cases are unknown?

Answer 2

Intellectual disabilities originate before the age of 18 years

Roughly 750000 Canadians with these

Roughly 40-60% of ID cases are unknown

Question 3

What is the criteria for developing an intellectual disability?

Answer 3

You must meet all three of the following:

1. Significant limitations (2>SD below the limitations) in IQ functioning
2. Significant limitation in >2 adaptive skills (conceptual, social, practical)
3. Most common causes are chromosomal Abnormalities, Down syndrome, ASD.

Question 4

With regards to ID, what are the limitations with learning capacity?

Answer 4

There is limited ability to generalize information, short attention span, and inability to understand abstract concepts

Question 5

With regards to ID, what are the limitations with rate of learning?

Answer 5

People with ID have slower rates of learning than individuals without ID

Question 6

With regards to ID, what are the limitations with social and emotional responses?

Answer 6

People with ID have the same range as those without. The only difference is people with ID often demonstrate inappropriate responses

Question 7

With regards to ID, what are the limitations with physical and motor development?

Answer 7

This is the least different limitation between those with and without ID. There is an often delay that relates more to the limited attention and communication.

Question 8

What is mainly used to identify ID?

Answer 8

IQ tests, they are designed to provide an estimate of a students intellectual ability

Question 9

Below are the levels of severity of ID. Provide the intelligence test scores with their matched severity.

Mild ID=

Moderate ID=

Severe ID=

Profound ID=

Answer 9

Mild ID= 50-55 to 70-75

Moderate ID= 35-40 to 50-55

Severe ID= 20-25 to 35-40

Profound ID= <20-25

Question 10

What are the most common causes of ID?

Answer 10

Chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome and prayer wili syndrome

Question 11

What is Down syndrome?

Answer 11

This is a set of cognitive and physical characteristics that result from having extra chromosome 21 .

Trisomy of chromosome 21 is the most common genetic abnormalities (1/800)

Question 12

True or false: phenotypic expressions are mainly similar in the way they work. Explain.

Answer 12

False, they differ widely:

Visual and hearing impairments will differ
Congenital heart defects such as ventricular holes are present
Atlantoaxial instability

Question 13

What is atlantoaxial instability? What is the prevalence in the total population?

Answer 13

This is the laxity of ligaments in the joints holding the cervical vertebrae together. It affects roughly 10-40% of the population.

Question 14

How do the developmental milestones differ from Down syndrome ID to people without ID?

Answer 14

Basically, all milestones such as sitting, first words, walking, and dressing themselves are delayed from the typical range.

Question 15

What is fetal alcohol syndrome? How many people does it occur in?

Answer 15

This occurs in 9/1000 births. It results in intellectual, cognitive, and behavioural disabilities
- this is the most prevalent form of IDs

Question 16

What is prader willi syndrome? What is the prevalence and what it’s it caused by?

Answer 16

This is a multi disorder characterized by intellectual disability
- has short stature , and uncontrollable appetite

Prevalence:
Caused by deletion of a paternal chromosome 15
Most commonly occurs randomly
1/10,000

Question 17

What are the symptoms of prader willi syndrome?

Answer 17

Intellectual and cognitive delay 
Speech delay 
Hypotonia 
Strabismus 
Over eating and obesity

Question 18

To test aerobic fitness and motor skills with people with ID, what are some steps we need to take?

Answer 18

We need frequent positive reinforcement, task demonstration, and short action worded instructions

We also must familiarize ourselves with the protocol and test the capacity

Question 19

With regards to autism spectrum disorder, what are some states and prevalence of this?

Answer 19

There has been a rapid increase in diagnosis from 1970s (which was at 2-3/10,000) to 2019 which is now 1/68

In Canadians, there is an incident rate of roughly 0.6 (1/94%)

Roughly 7,000 students have ASD and can function. It’s a spectrum

Question 20

True or false: developmental conditions are often evident by age of 5 for children with ASD. This age is where the prefrontal area of the brain develops faster.

Answer 20

False, developmental conditions are often evident by age 3

Question 21

Neurodevelopmental disorders are characterized by 3 factors:

Answer 21

1. Deficit in social interaction
2. Communication deficit
3. Repetitive and stereotypical behaviour

Question 22

With IDs, what occurs when individuals develop sensory processing deficits?

Answer 22

The person begins to have difficulties processing and integrating sensory information and stimuli.

They can develop to become hyper or hypo sensitive to things

Question 23

What are sensory thresholds?

Answer 23

This is the point at which individuals are able to detect a sensation. It will vary within and between individuals.

Question 24

What are the characteristics of low sensory threshold vs high sensory threshold ?

Answer 24

Low threshold: individuals who require very little sensory input to be aware of environment and can be easily stimulated

High threshold: individuals who require a lot of sensory input to be aware of the environment

Question 25

True or false: many individuals with ASD have little to no functioning language

Answer 25

True

Question 26

What are three characteristics to communication and ASD? (i.e, what do people with ASD do with regards to communication, stutter, slow talking, etc)

Answer 26

- repetitive or rigid language - narrow interests and exceptional abilities - poor non verbal communication

Question 27

What are PECS?

Answer 27

These are visuals to support people by using pictures This is used for those people have difficulties understanding or using language These help communicate expectations and decrease frustration and may help behaviourally

Question 28

What are some physiological differences that people with ID have compared to people who do not have ID?

Answer 28

People with ID have reduced CV capacity People with ID have lower HR and VO2 peak People with ID have altered endocrine profiles People with ID have hear deficits and a chance of diabetes People with ID have a chance to develop atlantoaxial instability

Question 29

What are the PA recommendations for people with ID?

Answer 29

- implement activity stations (to learn, practice, or perform certain activities) - avoid exercises and activities that cause hyper flexion with those that have DS - have peer institutions and close age tutoring - include real world institutions

Question 30

What are the four main PA recommendations for people with ASD and ID?

Answer 30

Create concrete and multisensory experiences - demonstrate, model, and prompt types of physical activity Ecological task analysis (ETA) - breaking down skills into sequential tasks - include individuals abilities and environmental factors Move from familiar to unfamiliar -small, meaningful steps (attention space) Consistency and predictability: - less flexible in adapting to new routines

Question 31

What is the IRT program?

Answer 31

This provides an opportunity for adults with IDs to engage in any recreational program offered by the city of Mississauga.

Question 32

What are some special considerations for PA programs in ASD?

Answer 32

- consist of a schedule (slowly introduce variety) - focus on individual modalities (multiple modalities or highly stimulating environment) Work on social interactions and your instruction style

Question 33

With regards to the reading provided by Tovin (2013), he expresses that exercise is good to decrease self stimulatory behaviours. What does he mean by these?

Answer 33

These are considered rocking, spiking, and hand flapping

Question 34

With regards to the reading provided by Tovin (2013), what are the PA recommendations for children with ID?

Answer 34

They are basically the same as the recommend amount for children without ID. 150xweek 60mins mod-vig x3 a week

Question 35

With regards to the reading provided by Tovin (2013), what were the three main characteristics of ASD?

Answer 35

Social actions, communication, and behaviour

Question 36

With regards to the reading provided by Tovin (2013), what is the best way to approach ASD and APA?

Answer 36

Through multiple rewarding strategies, asking questions, and getting to know the child.

Question 37

With regards to the reading provided by Tovin (2013), what are the 3 reward systems? Explain them.

Answer 37

Using immediate rewards: - this is used best to improve motivation - indicated in lower functioning or younger kids who cant focus - provide specific verbal praise with immediate reward such as edibles, stickers, stamps Short term delayed: - works best with teens who begin to demonstrate behavioural control but need extra support - provide verbal praise throughout sessions - examples are toys and treasure box picks Delayed long term: - for higher functioning kids who are generally motivated and cooperative during sessions - set exercise and different related goals that are measurable - gift cards or tickets to movies are examples of rewards