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PHYSIOLOGY III > L11: Central Control of Movement > Flashcards

L11: Central Control of Movement Flashcards

1
Q

4 lobes of the cerebral cortex

A
  1. Parietal (tactile sensations)
  2. occipital (visual)
  3. temporal (auditory, memory)
  4. frontal lobe (motor processing, decision making , mood)
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2
Q

UMNs start in the motor cortex & reach lower motor neurons via what two tracts

A

corticospinal or corticobulbar

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3
Q

where do the corticobulbar pathways terminate

A

brain stem

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4
Q

where do the corticospinal pathways terminate

A

spinal cord

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5
Q

what cranial nerves are exclusively efferent motor pathways

A

III: oculomotor
XI: accessory
XII: hypoglossal

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6
Q

what cranial nerves are mixed pathways (sensory and motor)

A

IV: Trochlear and VI: Abducens

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7
Q

what cranial nerves are exclusively afferent sensory nerves

A

I: olfactory
II: optic nerves
VIII: vestibulochlear

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8
Q

neurons of the corticobulbar tract arise from the ______ and synapse on the LMNs of the _______

A

lateral primary motor cortex
synapse on LMNs of the brainstem

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9
Q

which CNs are LMNs

A

III-VII, IX-XII

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10
Q

which cranial nerves are tested in the pupillary light reflex

A

II and III

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11
Q

LMNs of the _______ tract run through the cranial nerves and determine motor control of the head and neck

A

Corticobulbar tract

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12
Q

The corticospinal tracts arise from the ______ and synapse with LMNs in the ______

A

motor cortex
ventral horns
LMNs then exit the CNS

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13
Q

UMNs decussate at the caudal end of the medulla near medullary structures called the ?

A

Pyramids (hence Pyramidal tract)

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14
Q

LMNs from the _____ part of the ventral horn innervate muscles of the distal limbs

A

lateral

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15
Q

LMNs from the _____ part of the ventral horn innervate muscles of the proximal limbs

A

ventral

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16
Q

neurons of the extrapyramidal system are located where

A

nuclei of the brainstem
- red nucleus
- reticular formation
- vestibular nucleus
- tectum

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17
Q

damage to any of the extrapyramidal tracts is associated with what

A

hypertonic and hypotonic pathology (depending on which tract is affected)

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18
Q

condition caused by increased muscle tone and stretch reflexes, particularly the extensor muscles, resulting in extensor hypertonia

seen in hit by car accidents

A

Decerebrate rigidity

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19
Q

what is opisthotonus

A

spasm of muscles causing backward arching of the head and neck

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20
Q

the red nucleus forms the _______ tract

A

Rubrospinal

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21
Q

the reticular formation forms the _____tract

A

reticulospinal

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22
Q

the vestibular nucleus forms the _____tract

A

vestibulospinal

23
Q

the tectum forms the _____tract

A

tectospinal

24
Q

the rubrospinal tract sends input down the _____ white matter and the _____ part of the gray matter to the _____ musculature

A

lateral
lateral
distal

25
Q

the reticulospinal, tectospinal and vestibuospinal tracts all send input through the ____ white matter, and the ______ part of the gray matter to the _____ musculature

A

medial
medial
axial and proximal musculature

26
Q

the red nucleus receives input from the _______ and _______

A

motor cortex and cerebellum

27
Q

Rubrospinal tract neurons provide _____ to LMNs that control _____ muscles in the neck and proximal lumbs, buts inhibition to _______ muscles in the limbs

A

excitation
flexor
extensor

28
Q

is rubrospinal activation voluntary or involuntary

A

involuntary

29
Q

damage to the rubrospinal tract causes _________

A

extensor hypertonia

30
Q

Pontine reticulospinal tract neurons _____ alpha and gamma neurons to extensor muscles

A

excite

31
Q

medullar reticulospinal tract neurons _____ the pontine tract, therefore _____ extensor muscles

A

inhibit
inhibiting

32
Q

lesions to the excitatory fibers of the reticular formation can result in ________ and this tends to occur in the ______ reticulospinal tract

A

hypotonia (flaccidity)
Pontine

33
Q

lesions to the inhibitory fibers of the reticular formation can result in ________ and this tends to occur in the _____ reticulospinal tract

A

hypertonia (and spasticity)
medullar tract

34
Q

the vestibular nuclues receives input from the vestibular appartarus of the _____ and ______

A

inner ear and cerebellum

35
Q

what tract contains sensory info on the position of the head

A

vestibulospinal

36
Q

what tract controls body position and disturbances in balance

A

vestibulospinal

37
Q

damage to the vestibulospinal tract causes ?

A

extensor hypotonia

38
Q

this allows for a balance in the descending influences onto extensor and flexor muscles AND alpha gamma coactivation

A

pontine tract neurons excite extensor muscles while medullar tract neurons inhibit the pontine tract to inhibit extensor muscles

39
Q

in the tectospinal tract, the superior (rostral) colliculus receives what input

A

visual, auditory and somatosensory input
about environmental stimuli

40
Q

this tract is involved in reflex orientation of the head and eyes towards environmental stimuli and controls the axial and proximal musculature of the head

A

tectospinal tract

41
Q

Damage to this tract may cause disruption in the ability to orient the head towards and fix gaze on an object

A

tectospinal

42
Q

damage to ____neurons can cause an inability to move; hyperreflexia; increased muscle tone or muscle atrophy

A

UMNs

43
Q

Extrapyramidal tracts exert control on _____neurons to increase _____ control
they can also interact with ____ nuclei and the ______ to fine tune motor control

A

Lower Motor Neurons
Fine control
Basal nuclei & the cerebellum

44
Q

cerebral palsy results in spasticity of skeletal muscles, this is an example of damage caused to _____neurons

A

Upper motor

45
Q

what three things are lower motor neurons innervated by

A
  • Upper motor neurons
  • extrapyramidal neurons
  • reflex arcs
46
Q

what is the function of LMNs

A

stimulate muscles

47
Q

what can be caused from damage to LMNs?

A
  • innapropriate or absence of movement (hyporeflexia, flaccid muscles, paraplegia)
  • muscle atrophy
  • reduced muscle tone
48
Q

what is muscle tone

A

the resting level of tension in a muscle as a result of alpha motor neurons

49
Q

reduced muscle tone results from damage of an _____motor neuron

A

alpha (LMN)

50
Q

increased muscle tone can result from damage to a ___neuron

A

upper motor neuron
disturbs the balance of supraspinal inhibitory and excitatory inputs, producing a state of net disinhibition

51
Q

Decerebrate rigidity results from a ____ lesion

A

midbrain

52
Q

what is the major regulator of alpha motor neuron discharge

A

activity of muscle spindles

53
Q

explain alpha gamma coactivation

A

the gamma efferent sytem regulates the resting level of activity in spindle afferenta dn establishes a baseline level of alpha motor neuron activity in the absence of muscle stretch

PHYSIOLOGY III (31 decks)

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