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GEN BIO I > L14 ANIMAL KINGDOM > Flashcards

L14 ANIMAL KINGDOM Flashcards

1
Q

Name characteristics of all animals (5)

A
  1. Eukaryotic cells without a cell wall
  2. Multicellular organisms
  3. Extracellular matrix which binds cells together
    4.Heterotrophic
  4. Motile in one part of their life.
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2
Q

What is the simplest form of animal digestion? Explain.

A

Simplest form is intracellular digestion. Sponges create food vacuoles via phagocytosis and break down edible organic nutrients.

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3
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

The digestive process whereby a simple animal (sponge) cell creates food vacuoles with their plasma membrane in order to break down organic nutrients.

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4
Q

What is extracellular digestion?

A

Extracellular digestion is the breakdown of organic compounds outside of the cell with an in/complete gut.

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5
Q

Name the two limitations to the body plan of an animal, and the 2 general solutions.

A

The two limitations are that animals must exchange materials with the environment, and cells need a continuous supply of nutrients & waste expel to maintain homeostasis.
The two solutions to this are to have a body size&shape such that most cells are
in direct contact with the environment, and have a circulatory/respiratory system.

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6
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of a substance from a region of high concentrations to a region of lower concentration.

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7
Q

Define circulation via diffusion. Which animals use this method of circulation?

A

Circulation via diffusion involves the diffusion of nutrients, gases and chemical wastes between the cell and its environment.
Examples of cells who circulate via diffusion include sponges, jellyfish and some small wormies.

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8
Q

What is respiration via diffusion?

A

Respiration via diffusion is the respiratory process where by an organism exchanges gases with their environment through the surface of their body.

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9
Q

An animal who respires through diffusion needs a _____ environment.

A

Moist.

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10
Q

What is a circulatory system?

A

An evolved transport system characteristic of larger more complex animals.

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11
Q

The part of an animal where
gases are exchanged with the environment is called the ___________ ________.

A

Respiratory surface.

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12
Q

Name the three respiratory surfaces.

A

Gills, lungs & tracheal system.

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13
Q

What is a tracheal system?

A

The tracheal system of insects is a composition of air tubes that branch throughout the body for the purpose of respiration.

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14
Q

What are gills?

A

Very thin structures filled with capillaries that complex aquatic organisms like fish and crustaceans use for breathing underwater.

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15
Q

What are lungs?

What do they allow for?

A

Lungs are specialized structures that allow for gas exchange between air and blood.

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16
Q

What is unique about the Echinodermata Phyla?

A

They are the only ones to utilize a water vascular system (tube feet that function in locomotion, feeding and gas exchange.)

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17
Q

Name and describe the three types of body symmetry in animals.

A
  1. Asymmetry: a body with no regular form (sponge)
  2. Radial symmetry: body that is constructed around central axis (jellyfish)
  3. Bilateral symmetry: body that has a single plane of symmetry (us)
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18
Q

What is cephalization?

A

The concentration of sensory structures to the top of the body (head).

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19
Q

What is the advantage of segmentation?

A

The advantage of segmentation is that it allows for specialization of body parts.

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20
Q

Name the 4 characteristics of the Chordata phyla.

A
  1. All are bilaterally symmetrical with segmentation and cephalization.
  2. All have complete guts
  3. All have an endoskeleton comprised of bone or cartilage.
  4. All have a circulatory system.
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21
Q

Name the 4 structures all Chordata will have at some point in their development.

A
  1. Dorsal hollow nerve cord
  2. Notochord
  3. Pharyngeal gill slits
  4. Post-anal tail
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22
Q

What are the three main Chordata groups?

A
  1. Tunicates
  2. Lancelets
  3. Vertebrates
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23
Q

Name the 7 main vertebrate groups.

A
  1. Jawless fish
  2. Cartilaginous fish
  3. Bony fish
  4. Amphibian
  5. Reptile
  6. Bird
  7. Mammal
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24
Q

What is endothermic?

A

Endo: inside Thermic: referring to temperature

Warm-blooded: animal is capable of generating heat internally to maintain body
temperature.

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25
Q

What is ectothermic?

A

Ecto: outside Thermic: referring to temperature

Cold-blooded: animal relies on external heat source to maintain body temperature.

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26
Q

How can an animal reproduce asexually? (3 ways)

A

Via regeneration, budding and parthenogenesis.

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27
Q

What is regeneration?

A

An asexual reproduction method in animals where a piece of the parent animal can be detached and grow into a new individual.W

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28
Q

What is budding?

A

An asexual reproduction method in animals where a new, genetically identical individual grows out from the parent organism.

29
Q

What is parthenogenesis?

A

An asexual reproduction method where an unfertilized egg can develop into an adult individual.

30
Q

What was animal sexual reproduction originally adapted for?

A

Animal sexual reproduction was originally adapted for aquatic habitats (remember the first members of the chordata group).

31
Q

Describe the process of animal reproduction in aquatic environments.

A

There is no contact between male and female. Female fish release their eggs externally in large numbers, and the same for males and their sperm.

32
Q

What did terrestrial animals need in order to adapt to land from aquatic environments? (3 adaptations)

A
  1. They needed a moist membrane to allow for gas exchange.
  2. They needed a suitable means of support and locomotion.
  3. They needed a method of reproduction that did not require large quantities of H2O.
33
Q

Who is the likely ancestor of insects?

A

Crustacean

34
Q

What three characteristics made insects successful on land?

A
  1. A tracheal system for large surface area for gas exchange.
  2. A rigid exoskeleton to reduce water loss.
  3. Fertilization occurs internally (males have spermatophores: sperm capsules)
35
Q

How did fish evolve to walking land creatures?

A

The intermediary creature between a fish and a walking land animal is the Tiktaalik who had both tetrapod-like and fish-like characteristics.

36
Q

Describe characteristics of the Tiktaalik. (4+3=7 main characteristics)

A

It has a skull, neck, ribs and limb-like parts which are tetrapod-like.
It also has a primitive jaw, fins and scales which is fish-like.

37
Q

Who were the first terrestrial vertebrates?

A

Amphibians.

38
Q

Name 3 characteristics of amphibians?

A
  1. The development of LUNGS in adult individuals that aided in respiration along with gas exchange through skin.
  2. The development of a SKELETAL STRUCTURE that supported their bodies on land.
  3. EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION: females release their eggs in water (avoid dehydration) and males release sperm.
39
Q

Name reptile characteristics (6 total, 1 has new feature - think of water>land)

A
  1. Lungs
  2. Bone endoskeleton
  3. Scales
  4. Ectothermic
  5. Internal fertilization - now independent of water with formation of amniotic egg
40
Q

What are the 4 components of an amniotic egg (excluding the shell)? What are their functions?

A
  1. Amnion: a fluid filled sac that protects and hydrates embryo.
  2. Allantois: sac that collects waste in the egg
  3. Yolk sac: contains nutrients for the embryo.
  4. Chorion: outermost embryonic membrane that allows for gas exchange.
41
Q

What is special about the shell of an amniotic egg?

A

It is impermeable to water, but permeable to O2 and CO2 to allow for gas exchange.

42
Q

Name 4 bird characteristics.

(respiration? skeletal? regulation? reproduction?)

A
  1. Use lungs to breathe.
  2. Endoskeleton
  3. Endothermic
  4. Internal fertilization
43
Q

Name functions of bird wings and feathers. What did they evolve for?

A

To help maintain body temperature, to enable flight, for diplays of courship and camouflage.

44
Q

What are 2 disadvantages of the amniotic egg?

A
  1. Insufficient protection from predators
  2. Unable to survive through drastic environmental changes.
45
Q

What is an amniote?

A

A land-dwelling vertebrate that has an amnion surrounding the embryo in the egg.*

* not all amniotes come from eggs!

46
Q

Who are amniotes?

A

Reptiles, birds and mammals.

Mammals don’t lay eggs but have amnion surrounding embryo.

47
Q

What are the characteristics of a mammal? 6 total.

A
  1. Amniote
  2. Posesses mammary glands to secrete milk.
  3. Has hair
  4. Endothermic
  5. Enlarged skull
  6. Internal fertilization.
48
Q

Name the three groups of mammals.

A
  1. Monotremes
  2. Marsupials
  3. Placental mammals.
49
Q

What are 2 characteristics of monotremes?

A
  1. Lays eggs
  2. No nipples
50
Q

What’s special about the young of Marsupials?

A

They are born live but premature. They complete their development in the mother’s pouch attached to a nipple.

51
Q

Who are monotremes? (2)

A

Echidnas and Platypus.

52
Q

What component do monotreme eggs NOT have?

A

A placenta.

53
Q

Who is a marsupial?

A

Opossums, koalas and kangaroos.

54
Q

What is special about the early life of a marsupial?

A

They are born premature, and complete their development attached to a nipple in mother’s pouch.

55
Q

What is the difference between a marsupial egg and a monotreme egg?

A

Marsupial embryos develop in a placenta within egg, monotreme embryos do not.

56
Q

Who are placental mammals?

A

Humans, cats, dogs, monkeys, hamster.

57
Q

Which group of mammals came first?

A

Monotremes.

58
Q

Does a eutherian egg contain the 4 main amniotic egg components?

A
  1. Amnion: yes
  2. Allantois: no
  3. Chorion: no
  4. Yolk sac: no
59
Q

What is the biological term for placental mammals?

A

Eutherians.

60
Q

In a eutherian egg, what components evolved? What stayed the same?

A

The allantois and the yolk sac became the umbilical cord, creating a connection with the fetus to allow for exchange of nutrients&waste.
The umbilical cord and part of the chorion are now called the placenta.
The embryo still remains surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluids.

61
Q

Name the 9 animal phyla in descending order.

A

Portifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthe, nematoda, mollusca, annelida, arthropod, echinodermata, chordata.

62
Q

Who is the ancestor to all animals?

A

Protist.

63
Q

What phyla do sponges belong to?

A

Porifera.

Animals with PORous bodies.

64
Q

What phyla do animals like jellyfish & corals belong to?

A

Cnidaria.

65
Q

What phyla do flatworms belong to?

A

Platyhelminthes.

66
Q

What phyla do roundworms belong to?

A

Nematoda.

67
Q

What phyla do molluscs belong to?

A

Mollusca.

68
Q

TRUE OR FALSE? Segmentation is present in all animals.

A

FALSE: Segmentation is only present in the last 3 groups: annelids, arthropods and chordates.

GEN BIO I (18 decks)

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