L16 - Thalamus, Brainstem, Spinal cord

Question 1

Grey and white matter

Answer 1

Grey:
Cerebral cortex (insular cortex, cingulate gyrus)
Cerebral/basal nuclei

White:
Myelinated axons

Question 2

Basal Nuclei

Answer 2

• Doesn’t include amygdala and claustrum
• Controls wanted/unwanted movement (diff ways to hit a ball)

Question 3

Long-term memory

Answer 3

Declarative memory (events, facts)
- Hippocampus

Nondeclarative memory (unconscious skills, habits)
- basal ganglia, motor, and cerebellum

Question 4

Hippocampus

Answer 4

Declarative memory

Question 5

Amygdala

Answer 5

• almond- shaped
  Scans environment:
• If FRIENDLY, emotional attachment to stimulus
• If HOSTILE, fear & fight or flight responses via hypothalamus

Question 6

Diseases associated with impaired amygdala function

Answer 6

1. phobias (Anxiety)
2. autism
3. schizophrenia

Question 7

Diencephalon consists of

Answer 7

• Thalamus (gatekeeper - prevents/enhances passage of info, NOT olfactory though)
• Hypothalamus (drive-related behaviors, e.g. sexual, appetite, emotional, etc, HOMEOSTASIS, hormones)

Question 8

Diencephalon location

Answer 8

Between two cerebral hemispheres (telencephalon)

Question 9

Brainstem consists of the

Answer 9

1. Midbrain
2. Pons
3. Medulla oblongata

• FOR SURVIVAL
• For ascending/descending tracts
• Where all cranial nerves start EXCEPT olfactory and optic

Question 10

Lateral of brainstem (Anterior to posterior)

Answer 10

1. Base
2. Tegmentum (motor)
3. Tectum (sensory)

Question 11

Cerebellum

Answer 11

• “Little brain”
• co-orindator & predictor of movement (head in space, proprioception, etc)
• Connected to brainstem by peduncles:
  1. Superior cerebellar peduncle = axons to/from midbrain.
  2. Middle (BIGGEST) cerebellar peduncle = axons FROM the pons
  3. Inferior cerebellar peduncle = axons to/from medulla

JUST THINK MIDDLE BIGGEST, JUST FROM

Question 12

Spinal cord tracts

Answer 12

Dorsally - sensory info coming in (ascending)
Laterally - autonomic (heart rate, etc) + somatic
Ventrally - motor info going out (descending)

Question 13

Spinal cord matter

Answer 13

• Grey matter on inside (opposite to brain)
• Grey matter mostly at bottom of spinal cord as lower limbs need a lot of motor neurons
• Less white matter towards bottom as axons have peeled off higher up

Question 14

Cervical and lumbar enlargements

Answer 14

More motor neurons needed in ventral horn to control limbs in the cervical and lumbar areas, so enlargements

Question 15

Spinal cord consists of

Answer 15

1. Conus medullaris (caudal tip of spinal cord)
2. Cauda equina (horse tail - sensory and motor nerve roots)
3. Filum terminale (anchors the conus medullaris to coccyx)

Question 16

Meninges of brain functions

Answer 16

• Protective
• Limit displacement of brain when rapid movements
• Space for cerebrospinal fluid, blood vessels

Question 17

Types of meninges of brain

Answer 17

1. Dura mater - ALCOHOL, fibrous (outermost, beneath skull, not directly on vertebrae to allow movement)
2. Arachnoid mater - translucent, spider-web membrane (middle)
3. Pia mater - delicate membrane (on brain, thin layer)

Question 18

Subarachnoid space

Answer 18

• Between arachnoid and pia mater
  Contains:
• Cerebrospinal fluid
• Cerebral arteries & veins

Question 19

Cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 19

• Supports and cushions CNS, Hormones
• PRODUCED by choroid plexus in ventricles

Question 20

Cerebrospinal fluid directional flow

Answer 20

1. Ventricles
2. subarachnoid space
3. superior sagittal sinus and venous sinus network
4. Internal jugular vein

• CONTINUOUSLY PRODUCED