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Individual Histology > L2 > Flashcards

L2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are central pattern generators?

A

Pools of neurons that provide control of flexors and extensors as in walking

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2
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Involuntary, stereotyped responses to stimuli that involves brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

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3
Q

What is a spinal cord?

A

A cylinder of nerve tissue within the vertebral canal

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4
Q

How far does the spinal cord through the vertebral canal?

A

From the foramen magnum to L1

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5
Q

What is the tapered inferior end of the spinal cord at the inferior border of L1?

A

Medullary cone

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6
Q

Where does the Cauda Equina branch out of the spinal cord?

A

L2 to S5

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7
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves arise from the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal regions of the cord?

A

31 pairs

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8
Q

What membrane surrounds all of the CNS?

A

Dura mater

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9
Q

Where is the lumbar puncture to obtain CSF usually made?

A

Between the L3-L4 level to avoid damaging the spinal cord

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10
Q

Which ciliated cells of the CNS move the CSF and keep it from being stagnant?

A

Epindymal cells

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11
Q

What are nerve plexuses named for?

A

Named for spinal regions

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12
Q

What are the three meninges layers of the spinal cord and brain?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

Mnemonic: Damn apple pie

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13
Q

Which meningeal layer is the outermost layer made of tough collagen fibers

A

Dura mater

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14
Q

What is the epidural space between the duramater and vertebral canal filled with?

A

Fat and blood vessels

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15
Q

What is the middle meningeal layer? What is it composed of?

A

Arachnoid mater. Composed of simple squamous epithelium and a loose mesh of connective tissue fibers

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16
Q

What is the subarachnoid space filled with?

A

CSF

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17
Q

Where is spinal anesthesia usually delivered?

A

Into the subarachnoid space

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18
Q

What is the delicate membrane attached to the surface of the spinal cord?

A

Pia mater

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19
Q

Which space around the spinal meninges is a lot like the hypodermis?

A

Fat in epidural space

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20
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

In the lateral, third, and fourth ventricles

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21
Q

Where is gray matter found in the spine? In the brain?

A

Inside surrounded by white matter in the spine. In the brain the gray surround the white matter on the inside

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22
Q

What is gray matter mostly composed of? White matter?

A

Mostly neuron cell bodies. Myelinated axons

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23
Q

What does the dorsal root contain?

A

Soma bodies of unipolar sensory neurons

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24
Q

T/F Gray matter forms a bridge of gray matter between the horns

A

True

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25
Q

Which ventricle is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord?

A

The fourth ventricle

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26
Q

The dorsal horn of gray matter contains what kind of neurons?

A

Neurons for somatic and visceral functions that synapse with afferent sensory fibers

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27
Q

Which horn of the spinal gray matter contains somas of somatic motor neurons? Which horn contains somas of autonomic motor neurons?

A

Ventral is somatic. Lateral is autonomic.

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28
Q

What is the white matter of the spinal cord divided into?

A

Divided into tracts that carry signals up to the brain or down the spinal cord

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29
Q

T/F Ascending and descending tracts of the white matter can be contralateral or ipsilateral relative to the origin and destination?

A

True

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30
Q

How are the 31 pairs of spinal nerves divided?

A

8 Cervical, 12 Thoracic, 5 Lumbar, 5 Sacral, and 1 Coccygeal

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31
Q

How many layers of CT is a nerve covered with?

A

Three

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32
Q

What are the three layers of CT covering a nerve?

A

Epi-, Peri, and Endo-neurium

33
Q

What does the epineurium do?

A

Surrounds entire nerve and conducts blood vessels along nerves

34
Q

What does the perineurium do?

A

Surround a fascicle of axons and conducts blood vessels into the nerve

35
Q

What later of CT surrounds individual nerve cells?

A

Endoneurium

36
Q

What is the name of the basal lamina and loose CT fibers around the Schwann cells?

A

Endoneurium

37
Q

How do blood vessels relate to all three CT layers covering a nerve?

A

The epineurium simply conducts blood vessels along the nerves. The perineurium conducts blood into the nerve. The endoneurium does not allow blood cells to penetrate to the axon

38
Q

T/F Schwann cells cover the axon over its endoneurium

A

FALSE Schwann cells are underneath the endoneurium

39
Q

What two types of neurons can sensory neurons synapse with?

A

The can synapse with spinal cord interneurons or directly with the spinal cord motor neurons

40
Q

Interneurons receive information from sensory neurons. What kinds of other neurons can these interneurons communicate with?

A

Interneurons can communicate with motor neurons and other interneurons in the spinal cord gray matter to integrate a response to stimuli

41
Q

What is the morphology of a PNS sensory neuron? PNS motor neuron?

A

Unipolar. Multipolar

42
Q

What are the two processes of a unipolar sensory spinal nerve?

A

The peripheral process and central process

43
Q

Which process of a unipolar neuron receives stimuli and conducts impulses past the soma? which process carries the impulse into the dorsal horn?

A

The peripheral process. The central process carries the impulse into the dorsal horn

44
Q

What two horns do PNS motor neurons occupy in the spinal cord grey matter?

A

Lateral and ventral

45
Q

What area do the dorsal ramus nerves serve? Ventral ramus?

A

Dorsal body and skin. Serves ventral body, limb muscles and skin

46
Q

What does the meningeal branch of the spinal cord serve?

A

Spinal cord meninges, vertebrae and ligaments

47
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

A specific area of the skin from which each spinal nerve conducts sensory input

48
Q

Are there any microglia in the PNS?

A

No. Microglia are only the CNS

49
Q

T/F The chicken pox virus, Varicella zoster, can persist in the nerves of an individual for life.

A

True

50
Q

What are shingles caused by?

A

Caused by the chicken pox virus still hiding in the neurons. Blood does not mix with individual neurons, so no macrophages were around to fully eradicate this virus

51
Q

Where can shingles occur?

A

Anywhere there is a sensory nerve.

52
Q

What are the general types of afferent and efferent nerve fiber groups? What is the basis of classification?

A

Type A, B, and C. They are classified based upon their diameter, myelination and function

53
Q

Which group type has the largest diameter? Which group types are myelinated?

A

Type A has a larger diameter than B and C. Types A and B are myelinated while C is unmyelinated

54
Q

Which nerve fiber group is further subdivided into alpha, beta, gamma, and delta fibers?

A

Type A

55
Q

Which type of fibers include skeletal muscle, the skeletal muscle sensory spindle and Golgi tendon organ for proprioception?

A

A-alpha

56
Q

The skeletal muscle sensory spindle fibers are A-alpha. What type of fibers make up the motor neurons to the spindle fibers for proprioception?

A

A-gamma

57
Q

Which fibers are skin sensory mechanoreceptors for touch, pressure and vibration?

A

A-beta fibers

58
Q

Which fibers make up the sensory nerve endings in skin and dental pulp for sharp, fast pain, temperature?

A

A-delta

59
Q

Which type of fibers are the autonomic preganglionic sympathetic nerves?

A

B fibers

60
Q

Which type of fibers are skin and dental pulp sensory nerve endings for dull, slow pain, temperature, itch and autonomic postganglionic sympathetic fibers?

A

C fibers

61
Q

What are the four sensory nerve fiber types and their specialization?

A 
A-alpha - proprioceptors
A-beta - mechanoreceptors
A-delta - pain, temperature
C - temperature, pain, and itch
Mnemonic: Please move patricia's table
62
Q

Which functions are last to be affected by local anesthesia? Which ones are first?

A

Motor functions and sensations of touch and pain: A-alpha and A-beta. Increased skin temperature B fibers

63
Q

Numbing of which fibers shows relatively fast sings of pain relief and loss of temperature sensation?

A

A-delta and C fibers

64
Q

What is the general trend with nerve fiber type and local anesthetic blockade?

A

Unmyelinated and less myelinated fibers get numb sooner than thick myelinated fibers such as A-alpha

65
Q

What is nociception?

A

The sensation of pain

66
Q

What are some of the substances released from injured tissues?

A

bradykinin, serotonin, prostoglandins, histamine, K+, and ATP stimulate nociceptors

67
Q

Where are nociceptors abundant?

A

Skin, mucous membranes, organs, meninges, but not the brain

68
Q

What is the difference between somatic pain and visceral pain?

A

Somatic comes from the skin, muscles, and joints. Visceral comes from internal organs

69
Q

What is the difference between anelgesia and anesthesia?

A

Anelgesia is the absence of sensibility to pain without loss of consciousness. Anesthesia is the loss of sensation and usually consciousness without loss of vital functions

70
Q

What is the general term for sensory dysfunction?

A

Neuropathy

71
Q

What parts of the local anesthetic chemical structure are constant? Which part varies?

A

One end is always an aromatic ring and the other end is an amine. The part that varies is in the middle

72
Q

What is the two variables intermediate linkages of a local anesthetic?

A

Ester or Amide

73
Q

Which is the lipid soluble species of an anesthetic that can penetrate both the epineurium and neuronal membrane?

A

The unionized tertiary base. It has to lose a proton to get past the membrane layers. Once inside the neuronal cytoplasm the amine regain a proton and becomes quaternary that can now block voltage-gated Na+ channels from the cytoplasmic side of the membrane

74
Q

Which type of reflex does not required an interneuron?

A

Monosynaptic reflex can synapse a sensory neuron directly to a motor neuron

75
Q

What kind of reflex is a stretch reflex?

A

monosynaptic

76
Q

Which modified muscle cells sense stretch?

A

Muscle spindles that are innervated by Type A-alpha sensory neurons

77
Q

What is reciprocal inhibition?

A

a reflex that prevents flexors and extensors from working against each other

78
Q

What does the golgi tendon reflex do?

A

Prevents muscles from contracting excessively. It is a specialized Type A-alpha sensory fiber. Antagonistic muscle is stimulated so load can be relieved

79
Q

Fast pain perception is what kind of fiber?

A

Type A-delta fast pain fiber

Individual Histology (10 decks)

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