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Individual Histology > L2 > Flashcards

L2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are central pattern generators?

A

Pools of neurons that provide control of flexors and extensors as in walking

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2
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Involuntary, stereotyped responses to stimuli that involves brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

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3
Q

What is a spinal cord?

A

A cylinder of nerve tissue within the vertebral canal

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4
Q

How far does the spinal cord through the vertebral canal?

A

From the foramen magnum to L1

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5
Q

What is the tapered inferior end of the spinal cord at the inferior border of L1?

A

Medullary cone

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6
Q

Where does the Cauda Equina branch out of the spinal cord?

A

L2 to S5

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7
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves arise from the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal regions of the cord?

A

31 pairs

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8
Q

What membrane surrounds all of the CNS?

A

Dura mater

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9
Q

Where is the lumbar puncture to obtain CSF usually made?

A

Between the L3-L4 level to avoid damaging the spinal cord

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10
Q

Which ciliated cells of the CNS move the CSF and keep it from being stagnant?

A

Epindymal cells

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11
Q

What are nerve plexuses named for?

A

Named for spinal regions

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12
Q

What are the three meninges layers of the spinal cord and brain?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

Mnemonic: Damn apple pie

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13
Q

Which meningeal layer is the outermost layer made of tough collagen fibers

A

Dura mater

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14
Q

What is the epidural space between the duramater and vertebral canal filled with?

A

Fat and blood vessels

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15
Q

What is the middle meningeal layer? What is it composed of?

A

Arachnoid mater. Composed of simple squamous epithelium and a loose mesh of connective tissue fibers

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16
Q

What is the subarachnoid space filled with?

A

CSF

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17
Q

Where is spinal anesthesia usually delivered?

A

Into the subarachnoid space

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18
Q

What is the delicate membrane attached to the surface of the spinal cord?

A

Pia mater

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19
Q

Which space around the spinal meninges is a lot like the hypodermis?

A

Fat in epidural space

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20
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

In the lateral, third, and fourth ventricles

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21
Q

Where is gray matter found in the spine? In the brain?

A

Inside surrounded by white matter in the spine. In the brain the gray surround the white matter on the inside

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22
Q

What is gray matter mostly composed of? White matter?

A

Mostly neuron cell bodies. Myelinated axons

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23
Q

What does the dorsal root contain?

A

Soma bodies of unipolar sensory neurons

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24
Q

T/F Gray matter forms a bridge of gray matter between the horns

A

True

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25
Which ventricle is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord?
The fourth ventricle
26
The dorsal horn of gray matter contains what kind of neurons?
Neurons for somatic and visceral functions that synapse with afferent sensory fibers
27
Which horn of the spinal gray matter contains somas of somatic motor neurons? Which horn contains somas of autonomic motor neurons?
Ventral is somatic. Lateral is autonomic.
28
What is the white matter of the spinal cord divided into?
Divided into tracts that carry signals up to the brain or down the spinal cord
29
T/F Ascending and descending tracts of the white matter can be contralateral or ipsilateral relative to the origin and destination?
True
30
How are the 31 pairs of spinal nerves divided?
8 Cervical, 12 Thoracic, 5 Lumbar, 5 Sacral, and 1 Coccygeal
31
How many layers of CT is a nerve covered with?
Three
32
What are the three layers of CT covering a nerve?
Epi-, Peri, and Endo-neurium
33
What does the epineurium do?
Surrounds entire nerve and conducts blood vessels along nerves
34
What does the perineurium do?
Surround a fascicle of axons and conducts blood vessels into the nerve
35
What later of CT surrounds individual nerve cells?
Endoneurium
36
What is the name of the basal lamina and loose CT fibers around the Schwann cells?
Endoneurium
37
How do blood vessels relate to all three CT layers covering a nerve?
The epineurium simply conducts blood vessels along the nerves. The perineurium conducts blood into the nerve. The endoneurium does not allow blood cells to penetrate to the axon
38
T/F Schwann cells cover the axon over its endoneurium
FALSE Schwann cells are underneath the endoneurium
39
What two types of neurons can sensory neurons synapse with?
The can synapse with spinal cord interneurons or directly with the spinal cord motor neurons
40
Interneurons receive information from sensory neurons. What kinds of other neurons can these interneurons communicate with?
Interneurons can communicate with motor neurons and other interneurons in the spinal cord gray matter to integrate a response to stimuli
41
What is the morphology of a PNS sensory neuron? PNS motor neuron?
Unipolar. Multipolar
42
What are the two processes of a unipolar sensory spinal nerve?
The peripheral process and central process
43
Which process of a unipolar neuron receives stimuli and conducts impulses past the soma? which process carries the impulse into the dorsal horn?
The peripheral process. The central process carries the impulse into the dorsal horn
44
What two horns do PNS motor neurons occupy in the spinal cord grey matter?
Lateral and ventral
45
What area do the dorsal ramus nerves serve? Ventral ramus?
Dorsal body and skin. Serves ventral body, limb muscles and skin
46
What does the meningeal branch of the spinal cord serve?
Spinal cord meninges, vertebrae and ligaments
47
What is a dermatome?
A specific area of the skin from which each spinal nerve conducts sensory input
48
Are there any microglia in the PNS?
No. Microglia are only the CNS
49
T/F The chicken pox virus, Varicella zoster, can persist in the nerves of an individual for life.
True
50
What are shingles caused by?
Caused by the chicken pox virus still hiding in the neurons. Blood does not mix with individual neurons, so no macrophages were around to fully eradicate this virus
51
Where can shingles occur?
Anywhere there is a sensory nerve.
52
What are the general types of afferent and efferent nerve fiber groups? What is the basis of classification?
Type A, B, and C. They are classified based upon their diameter, myelination and function
53
Which group type has the largest diameter? Which group types are myelinated?
Type A has a larger diameter than B and C. Types A and B are myelinated while C is unmyelinated
54
Which nerve fiber group is further subdivided into alpha, beta, gamma, and delta fibers?
Type A
55
Which type of fibers include skeletal muscle, the skeletal muscle sensory spindle and Golgi tendon organ for proprioception?
A-alpha
56
The skeletal muscle sensory spindle fibers are A-alpha. What type of fibers make up the motor neurons to the spindle fibers for proprioception?
A-gamma
57
Which fibers are skin sensory mechanoreceptors for touch, pressure and vibration?
A-beta fibers
58
Which fibers make up the sensory nerve endings in skin and dental pulp for sharp, fast pain, temperature?
A-delta
59
Which type of fibers are the autonomic preganglionic sympathetic nerves?
B fibers
60
Which type of fibers are skin and dental pulp sensory nerve endings for dull, slow pain, temperature, itch and autonomic postganglionic sympathetic fibers?
C fibers
61
What are the four sensory nerve fiber types and their specialization?
``` A-alpha - proprioceptors A-beta - mechanoreceptors A-delta - pain, temperature C - temperature, pain, and itch Mnemonic: Please move patricia's table ```
62
Which functions are last to be affected by local anesthesia? Which ones are first?
Motor functions and sensations of touch and pain: A-alpha and A-beta. Increased skin temperature B fibers
63
Numbing of which fibers shows relatively fast sings of pain relief and loss of temperature sensation?
A-delta and C fibers
64
What is the general trend with nerve fiber type and local anesthetic blockade?
Unmyelinated and less myelinated fibers get numb sooner than thick myelinated fibers such as A-alpha
65
What is nociception?
The sensation of pain
66
What are some of the substances released from injured tissues?
bradykinin, serotonin, prostoglandins, histamine, K+, and ATP stimulate nociceptors
67
Where are nociceptors abundant?
Skin, mucous membranes, organs, meninges, but not the brain
68
What is the difference between somatic pain and visceral pain?
Somatic comes from the skin, muscles, and joints. Visceral comes from internal organs
69
What is the difference between anelgesia and anesthesia?
Anelgesia is the absence of sensibility to pain without loss of consciousness. Anesthesia is the loss of sensation and usually consciousness without loss of vital functions
70
What is the general term for sensory dysfunction?
Neuropathy
71
What parts of the local anesthetic chemical structure are constant? Which part varies?
One end is always an aromatic ring and the other end is an amine. The part that varies is in the middle
72
What is the two variables intermediate linkages of a local anesthetic?
Ester or Amide
73
Which is the lipid soluble species of an anesthetic that can penetrate both the epineurium and neuronal membrane?
The unionized tertiary base. It has to lose a proton to get past the membrane layers. Once inside the neuronal cytoplasm the amine regain a proton and becomes quaternary that can now block voltage-gated Na+ channels from the cytoplasmic side of the membrane
74
Which type of reflex does not required an interneuron?
Monosynaptic reflex can synapse a sensory neuron directly to a motor neuron
75
What kind of reflex is a stretch reflex?
monosynaptic
76
Which modified muscle cells sense stretch?
Muscle spindles that are innervated by Type A-alpha sensory neurons
77
What is reciprocal inhibition?
a reflex that prevents flexors and extensors from working against each other
78
What does the golgi tendon reflex do?
Prevents muscles from contracting excessively. It is a specialized Type A-alpha sensory fiber. Antagonistic muscle is stimulated so load can be relieved
79
Fast pain perception is what kind of fiber?
Type A-delta fast pain fiber

Individual Histology (10 decks)

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