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Individual Histology > L6 MS > Flashcards

L6 MS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the bones that make up the shoulder complex?

A 
sternum
clavicle
scapula
humerus
Ribs (indirectly involved in some muscle function
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2
Q

Which bone acts as the strut between the axial and appendicular skeleton of the to the upper limb?

A

Clavicle

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3
Q

Which shoulder bone provides the only attachment of the shoulder complex to the axial skeleton?

A

Clavicle articulates with the sternum

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4
Q

What neurovascular structures does the clavicle protect?

A

Brachial plexus and subclavian artery

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5
Q

Which muscles attach to the clavicle?

A

Pectoralis major, sternocliedomastoid and the subclavius

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6
Q

What are the four landmarks of the clavicle?

A

Impression for the costoclavicular ligament
Conoid tubercle
Trapezoid line
Subclavian groove

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7
Q

T/F The clavicle is susceptible to injury

A

True

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8
Q

What are the fossae of the scapula?

A

Supraspinous
Infraspinous
Subscapular
Glenoid

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9
Q

What are the processes of the scapula?

A

Acromion

Coracoid

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10
Q

What are the borders of the scapula?

A

Superior border
Axillary border
Vertebral border

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11
Q

What are the two angles of the scapula?

A

Superior and inferior angle

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12
Q

What is the notch found on the scapula? Foramen?

A

Scapular (suprascapular) notch and spinoglenoid foramen (?)

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13
Q

What are the three common types of arches made my the acromion process?

A

Flat, curved, hooked

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14
Q

What is the tuberosity at the diaphysis of the humerus?

A

Deltoid tuberosity

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15
Q

What shape is the ball of the ball and socket joint?

A

Half-sphere, thus unstable

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16
Q

What is the frequent site of fracture on the humerus?

A

The neck at the proximal end

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17
Q

What are the markings on the humerus bone?

A

Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle
Deltoid tuberosity
Bicipital groove (intertubercular groove)

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18
Q

What are the shoulder complex articulations?

A

Sternoclavicular joint
Acromioclavicular joint
Glenehumeral joint
Scapulothoracic articulation

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19
Q

T/F The sternoclavicular joint has an articular disk

A

True

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20
Q

What are the ligaments of the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Interclavicular,
Anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments
Costo-clavicular

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21
Q

Which clavicular joints have an articular disk?

A

Both the aromioclavicular and the sternoclavicular joints

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22
Q

What are the ligaments of the acromioclavicular(AC) joint?

A

Superior and inferior AC ligaments
Trapezoid and conoid coracoclavicular ligaments
Coracoacromial ligament

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23
Q

What ligament is considered the roof of the shoulder?

A

Coracoacromial ligament

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24
Q

What is the ball and socket joint of the shoulder called?

A

Glenohumeral joint

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25
Q

How many degrees of freedom does the glenohumeral joint allow?

A

3 degrees of freedom

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26
Q

What are the ligaments of the glenohumeral (GH) joint?

A

Inferior, middle, and superior GH ligaments

Coracohumeral ligament

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27
Q

What is the glenoid labrum?

A

Fibrocartilage disc in the shoulder joint

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28
Q

What does the glenoid labrum do?

A

Increases contact by 75% and acts as a bumper

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29
Q

T/F The glenoid labrum has a poor blood supply

A

True

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30
Q

Which tendon attaches to the glenoid labrum?

A

biceps tendon

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31
Q

T/F There are several bursae around the shoulder

A

True

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32
Q

What is the primary bursa of the shoulder? What does it do?

A

Subacromial bursa. Cushions rotator cuff tendons from bony structures

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33
Q

What is the bursa filled with? How does the bursa help the shoulder joint?

A

Filled with synovial fluid. Helps to reduce joint friction

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34
Q

What does the coracoacromial ligament and the subacromial bursa form?

A

They form an arch above the humeral head

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35
Q

The tendons of which two muscles lie below the coracoacromial ligament and the subacromial bursa?

A

Supraspinatus tendon and long head of the biceps tendon

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36
Q

What can happen if the subacromial bursa moves out laterally?

A

It can pinch the supraspinatus tendon and long head of the biceps tendon

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37
Q

Why is the scapulothoracic articulation not a true joint?

A

It lacks a ligament to body connection

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38
Q

What sort of connection is between serratus anterior (of ribs) and subscapularis muscles?

A

Only loose CT

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39
Q

How many degrees of elevation does the scapulothoracic articulation contribute to the 180 degrees of shoulder elevation? What joint contributes to the rest of the elevation degrees?

A

60 degrees. The remaining 120 degrees are contributed by the glenohumeral joint

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40
Q

Does the coracoclavicular joint have a capsule? Is it a true joint?

A

No capsule, but ligaments connect the coracoid process of the scapula to the clavicle. Not a true joint according to Bliven, because of not having a capsule

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41
Q

T/F The coracoclavicular joint often develops degenerative changes in elderly populations

A

True

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42
Q

What are the three main muscle groups of the shoulder complex?

A

Axioappendicular
Scapulohumeral
Arm

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43
Q

How many axioappendicular muscles are in the shoulder complex? How many scapulohumeral? How many of the arm?

A

10 Axioappendicular
6 Scapulohumeral
5 Arm muscles

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44
Q

How many anterior axioappendicular muscles are there? What are they?

A 
4 Anterior:
Pectoralis Major
Pectoralis Minor
Subclavius
Serratus Anterior
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45
Q

How many origin heads does the pectoralis major have? What are they?

A 
2 heads. 
Clavicular head (anterior medial half surface of clavicle)
Sternal head (originates from sternum and costal cartilages)
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46
Q

Where does the pectoralis major insert?

A

Humerus

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47
Q

What does the action of pectoralis major depend on?

A

Depends on starting position

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48
Q

What are the two actions of pectoralis major?

A

Humeral adduction

Horizontal adduction

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49
Q

Which nerves innervate pectoralis major? Pectoralis minor?

A

Both muscles are inntervated by the medial and lateral pectoral nerves

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50
Q

What is the origin of pectoralis minor? Insertion?

A

Ribs 3-5 (Sometimes rib 2 as well)

Insertion at the coracoid process

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51
Q

What does the pectoralis minor act on?

A

Acts on scapula.

Pulls shoulder girdle inferior to stabilize it

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52
Q

What is the origin of the subclavius? Insertion?

A

First rib.

clavicle

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53
Q

What is the action of the subclavius muscle?

A

It is more of a stabilizer of the acromioclavicular joint

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54
Q

What is the innervation of the subclavius muscle?

A

Nerve to the subclavius

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55
Q

Where does the serratus anterior originate? Insert?

A

upper 8 ribs.

scapula

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56
Q

What are the actions of serratus anterior muscle?

A

Holds scapula to thorax.

Protracts the scapula

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57
Q

What is the innervation of the serratus anterior?

A

Long thoracic nerve

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58
Q

What is the cause of scapular winging?

A

Paralysis of the serratus anterior typically due to damage to the long thoracic nerve

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59
Q

What are the six (6) posterior appendicular muscles?

A 
Trapezius
Latissimus Dorsi
Levator Scapulae
Rhomboid Major
Rhomboid Minor
Omohyoid
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60
Q

What are the attachments of the trapezius?

A

Cervical and thoracic spines (very general in lecture slides)
Insertion is to the scapular spine and clavicle (also very general)

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61
Q

What are the actions of the trapezius?

A

Scapular retraction and rotation

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62
Q

What is the innervation of the trapezius muscle?

A

Spinal accessory nerve (Cranial XI) and C3 & C4 (sensory)

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63
Q

What is the origin of latissimus dorsi?

A

lower 6 Thoracic vertebrae (T7-T12), thoracolumbar fascia, illiac crest and lower 3-4 ribs

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64
Q

What is the insertion of the latissimus dorsi?

A

humerus

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65
Q

What are the actions of latissimus dorsi?

A

Adduction, extension and internal rotation of arm

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66
Q

What is the innervation of the latissimus dorsi?

A

Thoracodorsal nerve

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67
Q

What action are the rhomboids (major and minor) responsible for doing to the scapula? What is the levator scapulae responsible?

A

For retracting the scapula

The levator scapulae is responsible for elevating the scapula

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68
Q

Which nerve innervates all three of the following: Rhomboids (major and minor) and levator scapulae?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

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69
Q

Which muscles are immediately deep to the trapezius?

A

Rhomboid major and minor (Rhomboid minor is above the major, despite what Bliven said in class)

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70
Q

Which muscle of the shoulder has two bellies, one of which is actually a neck muscle? What is its innervation?

A

Omohyoid. Ansa cervicalis of cervical plexus

71
Q

Which two posterior muscles of the shoulder are not innvervated by the brachial plexus?

A

The omohyoid (ansa cervicalis of cervical plexus) and trapezius (CN XI and C3, C4)

72
Q

What are the six scapulohumeral muscles?

A 
Deltoid
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis
Teres major
73
Q

What is the origin of the deltoid muscle? Insertion?

A

Clavicle, acromion, scapular spine.

humerus

74
Q

What are the actions of the anterior, middle, and posterior parts of the deltoid?

A

Anterior: flexion, abduction
Middle: Abduction
Posterior: Extension, adduction

75
Q

What is the innervation of the deltoid muscle?

A

Axillary nerve

76
Q

What are the four rotator cuff muscles? How does the attachment of these muscles differ from the two remaining scapulohumeral muscles?

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis

They all attach at the neck of the humeral head. The remaining two attach further away from the proximal neck of the humerus

77
Q 
Which of the following six muscles are not part of the rotator cuff? 
Deltoid
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis
Teres major
A

Deltoid and Teres major.

78
Q

What is the origin of the supraspinatus muscle? Insertion?

A

scapula.

humerus

79
Q

What are the actions of the supraspinatus muscle?

A

Dynamic stabilization of glenohumeral joint. Elevation of arm.

80
Q

What is the innervation of the supraspinatus muscle?

A

Suprascapular nerve

81
Q

What is the origin of the infraspinatus muscle? What is the insertion?

A

Scapula.

Humerus

82
Q

What is the action of the infraspinatus muscle?

A

External rotation of arm

83
Q

What is the innervation of the infraspinatus muscle?

A

Suprascapular nerve

84
Q

What is the origin of the teres minor muscle? What is the insertion?

A

Scapula

humerus

85
Q

What is the action of the teres minor muscle?

A

External rotation of arm

86
Q

What is the innervation of the teres minor muscle?

A

Axillary nerve

87
Q

What is the origin of the subscapularis muscle? What is the insertion?

A

Subscapular fossa

humerus

88
Q

What is the innervation of the subscapularis muscle?

A

Upper and lower subscapularis nerves

89
Q

If someone has a rotator cuff tear, which muscle is most likely to tear?

A

Supraspinatus.

90
Q

T/F The rotator cuff muscles blend together with the joint capsule.

A

True

91
Q

What is the origin of the teres major muscle? What is the insertion?

A

scapula.

Humerus

92
Q

What is the action of the teres major muscle?

A

Adduction, extension, and internal arm rotation

93
Q

What is the innervation of the teres major muscle?

A

Lower subscapular nerve

94
Q

What are the five muscles of the arm?

A

Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis

Triceps
Anconus

95
Q

Which three muscles of the arm are in the anterior compartment?What is their innervation?

A

Biceps brachii, Brachialis, Coracobrachialis

Innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve

96
Q

Which two muscles of the arm are in the posterior? What is their innervation?

A

Triceps, Anconeus

Innervated by the radial nerve

97
Q

What is the origin of the coracobrachialis muscle? What is the insertion?

A

Coracoid process.

Humerus.

98
Q

Which muscle has a conjoined tendon with coracobrachialis?

A

The short head of the biceps brachii

99
Q

What is the action of the coracobrachialis?

A

Shoulder adduction and flexion

100
Q

What is the origin of the short head of the biceps brachii? What is the insertion?

A

Coracoid process

Radius

101
Q

What is the origin of the long head of the biceps brachii? What is the insertion?

A

Scapula

Radius

102
Q

What is the action of the biceps brachii?

A

Flexion of arm (weak) and forearm (weakish); supination of forearm (strong)

103
Q

What is the origin of the brachialis muscle? What is the insertion?

A

humerus.

Ulna

104
Q

What is the action of the brachialis?

A

Elbow flexion (strong)

105
Q

What are the three heads of the triceps brachii?

A

Long head, lateral head, and medial head

106
Q

Which one of the three triceps brachii does not originate on the humerus? Where does it originate?

A

Long head of triceps brachii.

Scapula

107
Q

Which head of the triceps is deepest? Which one crosses shoulder and elbow joints?

A

Medial head.

Long head crosses shoulder and elbow joints

108
Q

What is the action of the triceps brachii?

A

Main extensor of the elbow, however it can do some shoulder extension via the long head of the triceps

109
Q

Where is the insertion of the triceps brachii?

A

The olecranon of the ulna

110
Q

Which funny little triangular muscle originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and inserts into the lateral surface of the olecranon and the superior part of the ulna distally?

A

Anconeus

111
Q

What are the likely actions of the anconeus?

A

Some extension of the elbow and is also thought to hold the joint capsule out of the way during elbow extension

112
Q

What are the three bones involved in the elbow? What are the three articulations of the elbow?

A

Humerus, ulna, and radius
Humero-radial joint
Humero-ulnar joint
Proximal Radioulnar joint

113
Q

What are the two articular surfaces of the humerus at the elbow?

A

Capitelum (lateral) and Trochlea (medial)

114
Q

What are three important fossae of the humerus at the elbow?

A

Olecranon fossa
Coronoid fossa
Radial fossa

115
Q

What is the long bone of the elbow that decreases in size distally?

A

Ulna

116
Q

What does the ulna have at the proximal end?

A 
Muscles and ligaments attach
Coronoid process
Ulnar tuberosity (brachialis insertion)
Radial notch
Trochlear notch
Olecranon
117
Q

What does the ulna have at the distal end?

A

Ulnar head - styloid process
Articulates with the ulnar notch of radius
Separated from carpal bones by the triangula fibrocartilage complex (TFCC)

118
Q

What is the long bone of the forearm that increases in size distally?

A

Radius

119
Q

What is at the proximal end of the radius?

A

Radial tuberosity (biceps insertion)
Cylindrical head with narrow neck
Articular fovea articulates with capitellum of humerus
Head articulates with radial notch of ulna
Annular ligament

120
Q

What is at the proximal end of the radius?

A

Radial styloid process on lateral side
Palpable in snuff box
Ulnar notch
Lister’s tubercle (dorsal)

121
Q

What kind of joint is the humeroradial joint? What joint is it anatomically?

A

Modified hinge joint.

Ball and socket joint anatomically

122
Q

What actions does the humeroradial joint allow?

A

Allows flexion and extension of elbow

123
Q

Which part of the humeroradial joint acts like a buttress to lateral compression?

A

Capitellum of the humerus

124
Q

T/F The humeroradial joint absorbs lateral compression and rotational forces with rapid forearm movements

A

True

125
Q

What ligament is at the lateral aspect of the humeroradial joint?

A

Radial (lateral) collateral ligament

126
Q

What kind of force does the Radial (lateral) collateral ligament resist?

A

Varus (inward) force at elbow

127
Q

Is the Radial (lateral) collateral ligament a strong ligament?

A

No, it is weak. Most of the lateral stability comes from joint structure

128
Q

Which elbow joint is the true hinge joint, humeroradial or humerulnar?

A

Humeroulnar.

129
Q

What does the assymetry of the trochlea of humerus result in?

A

Results in carrying angle (5-15 degrees away from body) of the elbow. This allows hands to swing clear of the hips as during walking

130
Q

Which elbow ligament is the primary stabilizer for valgus (outward) stress?

A

Ulnar (medial) collateral ligament

131
Q

How many bands does the ulnar (medial) collateral ligament have? What are they?

A

Three.

Anterior oblique, Posterior, and Transverse bands

132
Q

Which elbow ligament receives a lot of stress during a throwing motion?

A

Ulnar collateral ligament

133
Q

What shape is the proximal radioulnar joint? What does this joint allow?

A

Ellipsoid. Allows pronation and supination of the forearm

134
Q

What does the annular ligament do?

A

Holds radial head against ulna

135
Q

Where does the u-shaped annular ligament originate and insert?

A

Originate and inserts back on unto the ulna

136
Q

What action does the annular ligament allow?

A

Pronation and supination

The distal segment acts as restraint to traction

137
Q

How many bones are in each row of the wrist?

A

Four in each row

138
Q

What are the three joints of the wrist?

A

Distal radioulnar joint
Radiocarpal joint
Midcarpal joint

139
Q

What bones are in the proximal row of the carpal bones?

A

Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrium, and Pisiform

Mnemonic: Some lovers try positions

140
Q

What tunnel does the pisiform and hamate form?

A

Tunnel of Guyon (different from carpal tunnel)

141
Q

What passes through the tunnel of Guyon?

A

Ulnar nerve

142
Q

What bones are in the distal row of the carpal bones?

A

Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

Mnemonic: That they can’t handle

143
Q

What is the most commonly fractured carpal bone? Where is this bone palpable in?

A 
Scaphoid bone (aka navicular)
Anatomic snuff box (radial side at base of thumb)
144
Q

What are the ligaments of the hand and fingers?

A

Capsular ligaments.

Ulnar and radial collateral ligaments

145
Q

What are the three groups of muscles of the flexor compartment of the forearm? Which nerve innervates the flexors of the forearm?

A

Superficial, Intermediate, Deep

All innervated by the median nerve, except one and a half muscles which are innervated by the ulnar nerve.

146
Q

What are the four superficial group muscles of the forearm flexors?

A

Pronator teres,
flexor carpi radialis,
palmaris longus
flexor carpi ulnaris (ulnar innervation)

147
Q

What is the single muscle of the intermediate group of forearm flexors?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis

148
Q

What does the flexor digitorum superficialis attach to?

A

Medial epicondyle of humerus
Anterior radius
Four long tendons into the middle phalanx of each of the 4 most medial fingers (2-5)

149
Q

What is the action of the Flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

Flexion of proximal interphalangeal joints and metacarpal joints

150
Q

What are the three muscles of the deep group of forearm flexors?

A

Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus

151
Q

Which muscle of the deep group of forearm flexors is innervated half by the median nerve and half by the ulnar nerve?

A

Flexor digitorum profundus
Median nerve is to digits 2 and 3
Ulnar nerve is to digits 4 and 5

152
Q

What are the four extensor groups of the forearm? How many muscles in each group? What nerve innervates all of them?

A

Lateral, medial, outcropping, and miscellaneous groups.
Three muscles are in each group.
All innervated by radial group

153
Q

What are the three muscles of the lateral muscle group of forearm extensors?

A

Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis

154
Q

What are the three muscles of the MEDIAL muscle group of forearm extensors?

A

Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi

155
Q

What are the three muscles of the OUTCROPPING muscle group of forearm extensors?

A

Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Abductor pollicis longus

156
Q

The movement of what finger does the outcropping muscle group control?

A

Thumb

157
Q

What are the three muscles of the MISCELLANEOUS muscle group of forearm extensors?

A

Extensor indicis (1)
Supinator
Anconeous

Mnemonic 1 soup now

158
Q

What is the palmar aponeurosis? Which muscle attaches to it?

A

It is a type of thick, tenacious fascia in the palm of the hand. Palmaris longus muscle attaches to it.

159
Q

What is Dupuytren’s Contracture?

A

Thickening of palmar fascia that results in the ulnar two fingers being stuck in a flexed position

160
Q

What is the carpal tunnel formed by?

A

Hook of hamate and pisiform on the ulnar side and the tubercle of scaphoid and crest of trapezium on radial side

161
Q

What are the ten structures of the carpal tunnel?

A 
Flexor digitorum superficialis (4 tendons)
Flexor digitorum profundus (4 tendons)
Flexor pollicis longus (1 tendon)
Median nerve (1)
162
Q

What nerve is involved in the carpal tunnel?

A

Median

163
Q

What are the tendons of the hand covered in?

A

Bursae from the synovial sheath

164
Q

What is tenosynovitis?

A

Inflamed/irritated tendon in the synovial sheath

165
Q

What is carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Distention (swelling) of synovial sheath around tendons caused by infection or irritation

166
Q

What can happen if synovial sheath pressure is not relieved in someone suffering from carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Tendons could die. Median nerve can suffer damage in short time

167
Q

What is the trigger finger condition?

A

Finger gets stuck because a swollen tendon cannot slide through the pulleys

168
Q

What are the three groups of hand muscles?

A

Thenar eminence
Hypothenar eminence
Muscles of digits 2-5

169
Q

What nerve innervates all muscles of the hand, except four)?

A

Ulnar

170
Q

What four muscles of the hand are not innervated by the ulnar nerve?

A

Superficial head of flexor pollicis brevis
Abductor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis
Lateral two lumbricals

171
Q

What are the four muscles of the thenar eminence group of hand muscles?

A

Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis
Adductor pollicis

172
Q

What are the three muscles of the hypothenar eminence group of hand muscles?

A

Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi
Opponens digiti minimi

173
Q

What are the muscles of digits 2-5?

A

Lumbricals
Palmar interossei
Dorsal interossei

Individual Histology (10 decks)

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