L2 Flashcards by Katherine Norris

DNA and RNA

nucleic acids

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C, H, O, N, S structures, enzymatic catalysts, regulatory functions, hormones, genes, transport Ab, complement, bacteriocins

proteins

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unbranched, polypeptides linked in specific order determined by genes

protein structure

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nonmonomer, almost entirely C and H so are hydrophobic

lipids

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C, H, O (CH20)n energy, DNA/RNA backbone, cells walls

carbohydrates

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50-99% of most organisms, 2 polar covalent bonds

water

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very large lipids, carbs, proteins and nucleic acids

organic macromolecules

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attraction of partial positive and partial negative charges

hydrogen bonds

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reactants, products maing/breaking chemical bonds

chemical reactions

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attraction of + and - charged ions

ionic bonds

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sharing a pair of electrons by 2 atoms

covalent bonds

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attractive forces combining atoms

chemical bonds

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anything that takes up space and has mass

matter

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smallest chemical unit of matter

atoms

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simple model of atom with nucleus in center and electron shells around outside (Niels Bohr model, 1913)

atomic structure

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negatively charged subatomic particles

electrons

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positively charged particle in nucleus

proton

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uncharged particle in nucleus

neutron

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matter composed of single type of atom

element

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number of protons in nuclei

atomic number

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sum of masses of protons, neutrons, and electrons (add protons and neutrons, electrons very small, not considered significant)

atomic mass

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regions corresponding to different energy levels

electron shells

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atom of given element with different number of protons in nuclei

isotopes

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arrangement of electrons, determines chemical behavior

electron configuration

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electrons in outermost shell - ones that interact with other atoms, its combining capacity

valence

2 or more atoms of same element

molecule

2 or more atoms of different elements

compound

atoms have different electronegativities so electrons spend more time around 1 atom

polar covalent

attraction for electrons

electronegativity

electrons spend equal time around each nucleus

non-polar covalent bond

(+) charged

cation

(-) charged

anion

crystalline form of ionic compounds

salts

dissociated ions surrounding water

electrolytes

atoms/ions/molecules at beginning

reactants

atoms/ions/molecules at end

products

molecular weight of a substance expressed in grams, 6.02 x 10^23 particles of something

mole

form larger/more complex molecule

synthesis reaction

2 small molecules covalently joined and produce water

dehydration synthesis

require energy, absorbs energy

endothermic/endergonic reaction

synthesis reactions in an organism

anabolism

break larger molecules into smaller ones

decomposition

release heat, release energy

exothermic/exergonic reaction

covalent bond in broken and ionic components of water (H + OH-) added to product

hydrolysis

decomposition of an organism

catabolism

transfer reaction - atoms removed from 1 molecule to another, A + B > AB + C

exchange reaction

dissociates into 1 or more H+ ions and 1 or more anions, HCl, sulfuric acid

acid

molecule that binds with OH- ions when dissolved in water, H+ + OH- > water

base

potential hydrogen / percent hydrogen, logarithmic scale, 1 whole # increase is a 10 fold increase

compound that dissociates in water

salts

substance that prevents drastic changes in pH

buffer

certain atoms that commonly appear in groups

functional groups

simpler subunits of protein, carbs, and nucleic acids

monomer

chains of monomers joined together

polymer

made from dehydration synthesis, triglycerides

fats

amount of H and C bonds

saturation

each C attached to max # of H, solely single bonds

saturated

1 unsaturated bond

monounsaturated

multiple unsaturated bonds

polyunsaturated

2 fatty acids attached to glycerol with a phosphate, hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends

phospholipids

1 long chain fatty acid covalantly linked to a long chained alcohol by ester bond, completely water insoluble, certain organisms like Mycobacterium tuberculosis make waxy walls

waxes

4 rings with 5-6 attached C's attached to each other, cholesterol most common

sterols, steroids

2 monosaccharides linked together

disaccharide

several monosaccharides linked, can be branched/unbranched, peptidoglycan important, linked with amino acids in bacteria

polysaccharide

composed of 2-20 monosaccharides

oligosaccharides

protein monomers

amino acids

in both D and L form, amino acids are almost always L form, mirror images of each other

stereoisomers

bond between 2 amino acids, dehydration synthesis to form covalent bond

peptide bond

sequence of amino acids

primary (protein structure)

ionic and hydrogen bonds causing alpha helices and beta pleated sheets

secondary (protein structure)

3D shape, not repetitive like secondary structure, R groups form covalent and ionic bonds, disulfide bridges

tertiary (protein structure)

2 or more polypeptide chains linked together

quaternary (protein structure)

when protein loses its characteristic shape due to temp, pH, or salt concentrations

denaturation

double helix in the shape of a twisted ladder, sugar phosphate backbone and complementary nucleotide pairs make up the rungs of the ladder

DNA shape

a monomer of nucleotide, consists of phosphate, pentose sugar, and nitrogenous bases (A. T, C, G, U)

nucleotides

A and G double rings

purines

C, T, U single rings

pyrimidines

stands run in opposite directions, run 5' to 3'; 5' = carbon 5 attached to a phosphate

antiparallel strands

adenine + ribose + 3 phosphates, principal short term recyclable energy supply for cells

ATP

ribonucleic acid, usually single stranded, 5 carbon sugar is ribose, uses uracil instead of thymine > 3 major kinds: RNA, mRNA, rRNA, all have major role in protein synthesis

RNA

The atomic mass of element is equal to the sum of its

protons and neutrons

An isotope of a given element contains a different number of ___ in its nuclei.

neutrons

The electron configuration of an element determines what?

chemical behavior

difference between organic and inorganic chemistry

organic if of C and H; inorganic includes all elements

What does electronegativity of an element affect?

attraction of electrons

What is the magic number written in scientific notation that represents the number of particles of something in a Mole?

6.02 x 10^23

In a chemical reaction, which comes first?

reactants

What reaction is used for more complex molecules

synthesis

very large lipids, include C and found in living things (ex. carbs, proteins, nucleic acids)

organic macromolecules

made from dehydration synthesis and triglycerides

fats

L2 Flashcards

(90 cards)