L22 - Movement and sensation

Question 1

How to distinguish between posterior and anterior of the brain

Answer 1

Posterior more pointier and has the cerebellum
Anterior more C shaped

Question 2

How to know the names of the lobes of the brain

Answer 2

They correspond to the names of the bones on the skull that they sit underneath of

Question 3

Another name for the cerebrum

Answer 3

Cerebral cortex

Question 4

Valleys

Answer 4

Sulcus pl. sulci in between two gyri

Question 5

Hills

Answer 5

Gyrus pl. gyri, in between two sulci

Question 6

What does the central sulcus do?

Answer 6

Separates the frontal and parietal lobes?

Question 7

What does the parieto-occipital sulcus do?

Answer 7

Separates the parietal and occipital lobes

Question 8

What does the lateral sulcus do?

Answer 8

Separates the temporal and frontal lobes

Question 9

What does the transverse fissure do?

Answer 9

Separates the temporal+occipital lobes from the cerebellum

Question 10

Dural fold at the transverse fissure

Answer 10

Tentorium cerebelli

Question 11

Function of: parietal lobe

Answer 11

*interpretation of somatosensory info
*sensory info i.e things you touch and feel

Question 12

Function of: occipital lobe

Answer 12

*interpretation and processicion of visual information

Question 13

Function of: frontal lobe

Answer 13

*superior portion which is more posterior is in control if motor (somatic efferent)
*emotion, language and personality

Question 14

Function of: temporal lobe

Answer 14

*has to do with memory, has distinctive structures (when degenerates leads to dementia)
*hearing, group of cells in this lobe

Question 15

What sits beneath the cerebral cortex?

Answer 15

The corpus callosum, made of white matter (myelinated, plasma mem of oligodendrocytes made of fat)

Question 16

What sits beneath the corpus callosum?

Answer 16

the Diencephalon, made of the Thalamus and Hypothalamus - regulates hormones

Question 17

What is the cerebral aqueduct associated with?

Answer 17

Midbrain

Question 18

What is pons associated with

Answer 18

The 4th ventricle, anterior of the cerebellum

Question 19

What forms the brainstem

Answer 19

midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

Question 20

What forms the brainstem

Answer 20

midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

Question 21

What is below the medulla oblongata?

Answer 21

The foramen magnum, separates the brain and spinal cord

Question 22

Dark layer on the surface of brain (coronal view)

Answer 22

The cerebral cortex made of grey matter (collections of cell bodies)

Question 23

White layer of brain underneath cerebral cortex

Answer 23

white matter, myelinated axons of the cell bodies

Question 24

How many types of white matter

Answer 24

3 types

Question 25

Dark matter inside the brain

Answer 25

deep nuclei, collection of cell bodies, each body has its own unique function

Question 26

What is unique about white matter?

Answer 26

Made of axons that travel long distances

Question 27

Commissural tract

Answer 27

Axons from cell bodies on both sides goes from one side of the cerebral cortex to the other, goes in both directions eg. corpus callosum coordinates left and right sides

Question 28

Projection tracts

Answer 28

Axons of upper motor from cerebrum extend to other parts of the CNS eg the spinal cord lower motor

eg Corticospinal tract that helps to transmit somatic efferent info

Question 29

Association tract

Answer 29

Long (lobe to lobe) or short (gyrus to gyrus)Wh distance co-ordination or comms between cell bodies on same side of the brain through axons

Question 30

Gyrus anterior to the central sulcus

Answer 30

Precentral gyrus –> 1º motor cortex - where cell bodies of upper motor neurons reside

Question 31

Gyrus posterior to the central sulcus

Answer 31

Postcentral gyrus –> 1º somatosensory cortex - where cell bodies are the final destination of sensory info and becomes conscious of the presence

Question 32

Pathway of somatic efferent (info away from CNS)

Answer 32

*Voluntary movement
*upper motor neurons in 1º mortor cortex –> crosses over in the midbrain –> synapses with lower motor neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord
*Effects skeletal muscle
*Neurotrans is ACh

Question 33

Where are upper motor neurons present?

Answer 33

In the medial and lateral motor cortex, (precentral gyrus cut in the coronal plane), each part correcponds with its own movement of body

Question 34

What does the medial part of the 1º cortex control

Answer 34

Movement of toes, leg, thigh

Question 35

Where does the upper motor neuron cross before it synapses with a lower

Answer 35

Axons crosses to opposite site in the midbrain and synapses to lower in the ventral horn

Question 36

What happens if primary motor cortex is damaged

Answer 36

Cant move specific parts on opposite side of the body depending on where the damage in the brain is

Question 37

Somatosensory pathway

Answer 37

Input axon (peripheral fibre) from unipolar cell body in the dorsal root ganglion –> central fibre in dorsal horn runs up dorsal column –>synapses with neuron 2 in medulla oblongata –> axon from cell body in medulla oblongata crosses over and synapses with n3 in thalamus –> axon from cell body in thalamus synapses with a somatosensory cortex neuron in post gentral gyrus

Question 38

Where does the upper motor cortex synapse

Answer 38

At a lower motor neuron in the brainstem or spinal cord