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DRS > L23 - nutrition > Flashcards

L23 - nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

why is nutrition important

A
  • develop and maintain state of health
  • include balance and moderation in lifestyle
  • avoids cancer and disease
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2
Q

what is nutrition

A

process where we take up substances from the food

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3
Q

types of substances taken in as nutrients

A
  • macromolecules like proteins, fats, carbohydrates
  • micromolecules - mineral and vit
  • water
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4
Q

why do we need to eat

A

-need energy from food for metabolism, muscle activity etc

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5
Q

3 main processes where energy is needed

A

BMR - no of calories needed for body at rest to do involunatry function

thermic effect of food - digestion and absorption

physical activity

other factors like body temps, pregenancy, growth, age, health

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6
Q

how is glucose metabolised

A
    1. glycolysis into pyruvate
      1. into krebs cycle in mitochondira
      2. in ETC to produce 36/38 ATP
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7
Q

what parts of the body used glucose

A

brain and RBCs and muscle and liver

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8
Q

what parts of the body use fat as an energy source

A

-everything else? apart from brain, spinal cord and RBCs

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9
Q

why is weight loss difficult (losing the fat )

A

it needs large amount of O2 to metabolise and its insoluble in water. so it cant be accessed

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10
Q

functions of using fats

A

-incoporation in body structures
-protection
insulation
-satiety
-fat soluble vit
energy storage - no limit

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11
Q

how many ATPs does fat make

A

130

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12
Q

fucntions of proteins

A
  • making new proteins
  • growth and repair of tissue
  • not main function but can be oxidised to make energy ans urea is extreted
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13
Q

what is nitrogen balance

A 
N2 intake (NI) - N excretd(NE)
- in adults, its in EQB
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14
Q

why is positive N2 balance is good

A

-allowa for growth, recovery and pregnancy

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15
Q

why is negative N2 balance is bad

A

starvation, trauma, infection, tissue destruction

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16
Q

types of non energy supplier nutrients

A

dietary fibre- non digestible in the gut

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17
Q

types of dietary fibre and importance of it

A

-insoluble - provides bulk in the gut so prevents constipation and slowing down digestion
-soluble - absorbs water and lowers cholestral and reduces risk for bowel cancer
-

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18
Q

types of micronutirents

A
  • water soluble - for enxymes cofactors and protein synthesis
  • fat soluble like A,E,K,D
  • minerals as ions
19
Q

why is water important

A

-prevents dehydration, solvent, metabolism and excretion

20
Q

how do we maintain our body mass

A

involves neuroendocrine regulation of feeding using appetite and satiety

21
Q

what regulate energy intake as well as hunger and satiety centre

A

hypothalamus and brain stem

22
Q

is it in hungry or satiety state when glucose levels falls

A

hungry

23
Q

hormone stimulating appetite

A

ghrelin

24
Q

hormones inhibiting appetite

A

CCK, insilun, leptin

25
Q

factors contributing to the loss of appetite

A

physiological like infection and disease and psychological like stress

26
Q

how to control our metabolism

A

balance between storing energy in fed state (anabolism) and releasing energy in fasted state (catabolism)

27
Q

where is fat stored

A

adipose tissue

28
Q

preferred fuel and why for the body

A
  • carbohydrates like glucose since more ATP can be generated in the same amount if fats were used
  • using fats would take a longer time to be oxidised
29
Q

why cant FFAs be used by RBCS and the brain

A

for RBCs- they dont have mitochondria so the fats cant be oxidised and go through krebs cycle
- for brain, fats are lipids and in the brain, it has blood brain barrier where lipids cant go in

30
Q

what is blood brain barrier

A

highly selective permeable barrier

- have TJs and seperates blood from extracellular fluid in CNS

31
Q

cons of using FAs over glucose as a energy source for brain

A
  • needs more O2
  • Beta oxidation generates superoxide which can be harmful for cells like neurones
  • ATP generation slower than glucose
32
Q

why is fats used over glucose when doing low intensity exercise

A

-during this exercise, we use slow twitch muscles (type 1 i think?) which uses fats

33
Q

why is glucose used over fats when doing high intensity exercise

A

-we use fast twitch muscles (type 2?) which uses more glucose than fats

34
Q

origins of obesity

A
  • inherited through mutations

- acquired like stress, aging, overeating

35
Q

what happens when u eat more calories than them burning off

A

usually, glucose and proteins from diet can be used in krebs cycle to produce energy
- but when the energy is not needed, it’s converted into triglycerides

36
Q

what does too much insulin do to the triglycerides

A

when you consume glucose, insulin is produced. this inhibits the breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol cos the glycerol can be used to make more glucose

37
Q

treatments of obesity

A

restrict food intake

  • exercise
  • drugs
38
Q

what is stravation

A

deprivation of calories
-consumes our tissues to continue energy production
-

39
Q

mechanisms used in starvation

A

gluconeogenesis - AAs converted and glycerol used for making glucose
-ketogenesis - FA becomes keto bodies to be used by the brain

40
Q

what happens using muscle and fat as our energy source in starved state

A
  • breakdown of mucles releases AAs
  • breakdown of fats released glycerol
  • both used to make glucose
41
Q

con of using muscle and fat as our energy source in starved state

A

-can deplete afterwards

42
Q

what is ketone bodies and how is it produced

A
  • water soluble product produced from the breakdown of FA in the liver
43
Q

why is ketone bodies useful in starved state

A

it can cross blood brain barrier so it can supply energy for the brain

DRS (18 decks)

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