L3 - Long-term Memory Flashcards
(22 cards)
What is the difference between declarative and non-declarative memory?
Declarative = conscious, includes episodic and semantic memory. Non-declarative = unconscious, includes priming and procedural memory.
What are episodic and semantic memory?
Episodic: memory of events and when/where they occurred. Semantic: facts and general knowledge.
How is episodic memory constructive rather than reproductive?
It accesses gist, omits trivial details, and is flexible but prone to error.
What are concepts in semantic memory?
Mental representations of categories, often organised in hierarchies: superordinate, basic, subordinate.
What affects how concepts are represented?
Individual goals, context, and expertise (Barsalou, 2009, 2012).
What are schemas?
Integrated chunks of knowledge about events, people, or actions, often in script form.
What brain regions are involved in declarative memory?
Episodic = hippocampus; Semantic = parahippocampal cortex; Both = medial temporal lobe and diencephalon.
What is semanticisation?
Episodic memories lose context and become semantic over time.
What did Harand et al. (2012) find?
Some memories remain episodic; others become semantic after 3 months.
What did Kan et al. (2009) show about interdependence of memory types?
Semantic memory improves episodic encoding; amnesiacs with poor semantic memory show no congruency benefit.
What are the two main types of non-declarative memory?
- Priming. 2. Procedural memory.
What is the difference between perceptual and conceptual priming?
Perceptual = improves processing of form; Conceptual = improves processing of meaning.
What is procedural memory?
Unconscious skill learning (e.g., riding a bike), slow to form, generalises widely.
How does everyday memory differ from lab-based memory?
Everyday: long-term, incidental, socially influenced. Lab-based: short-term, intentional, accuracy-focused.
What is autobiographical memory?
Long-term memory of personal life events; overlaps with episodic memory.
What are flashbulb memories?
Vivid, long-lasting memories tied to emotional events.
What are trauma and childhood amnesia?
Trauma: painful memories may be repressed. Childhood amnesia: few memories from early years.
What is the reminiscence bump?
Tendency to recall more memories from early adulthood due to life scripts.
What is prospective memory?
Remembering to carry out an intended action in the future.
What are the five stages of prospective memory?
- Intention formation. 2. Retention interval. 3. Cue detection. 4. Intention recall. 5. Intention execution.
What are the two types of prospective memory?
Time-based (do something at a time) and event-based (do something when a cue appears).
What are implementation intentions?
Action plans specifying where, when, and how to achieve a goal.
