L9 - Reading and Speech Perception Flashcards
(27 cards)
What is language?
A shared symbolic system for communication.
What is psycholinguistics?
The study of language as it is used and learned by people.
What are key differences between reading and speech perception?
Reading: words seen whole, low ambiguity, low distraction, punctuation cues. Speech: words unfold over time, high ambiguity, distractions, prosodic cues.
Do reading and speech perception involve different brain areas?
Yes – evidence from brain damage supports this.
What processes are involved in reading?
Orthography, phonology, semantics, syntax, discourse integration (Balota et al., 1999).
What is the naming task?
Say printed word out loud – links orthography and phonology.
What is the lexical decision task?
Decide if letter string is a word – links orthography and semantics.
What is the prime words task?
Prime word affects target processing if related in sound, spelling, or meaning.
Why do English-speaking children learn to read slower?
Inconsistent orthography-phonology relationship (Caravolas et al., 2013).
What is the strong phonological model?
Phonological processing is essential for word identification.
What is evidence for strong phonological processing?
Homophone errors (Van Orden, 1987), phonological neighbours (Yates et al., 2008), phonological priming (Rastle & Brysbaert, 2006).
What is the Interactive Activation Model?
McClelland & Rumelhart (1981): visual word recognition via feature, letter, and word levels using parallel processing.
What is the word superiority effect?
Letters are recognised faster when presented in real words.
What are orthographic neighbours?
Words differing by one letter that influence recognition depending on frequency (Chen & Mirman, 2012).
What is a limitation of the interactive activation model?
Overemphasis on letter order – people can read jumbled words.
What is semantic priming?
Target words recognised faster when preceded by semantically related primes (e.g., NURSE – DOCTOR).
What are the two main models of reading aloud?
- Dual-route model (Coltheart et al., 2001), 2. Connectionist triangle model (Plaut et al., 1996).
What are the two routes in the dual-route model?
- Grapheme-phoneme conversion, 2. Lexicon and semantic knowledge.
What is the connectionist triangle model?
Highly interactive system linking orthography, phonology, and semantics with greater semantic role.
What is surface dyslexia?
Difficulty with irregular words; semantic deficit or reliance on phoneme conversion.
What is phonological dyslexia?
Difficulty with real and non-words; phonological deficit.
What is deep dyslexia?
Same difficulties as phonological dyslexia plus semantic errors.
What are the stages of speech perception?
- Signal selection, 2. Element decoding, 3. Word identification, 4. Interpretation.
What challenges affect speech perception?
Accents, coarticulation, energetic masking (noise), informational masking (cognitive load).
