L39 - Anatomy Of The Heart And Cardiovascular System

Question 1

What does the cross section of a ventricle look like after a myocardial infarction? (3)

Answer 1

• dead muscle
• lack of oxygen and nutrients = infarct
• caused by acute obstruction of coronary artery

Question 2

What is the cause of ventricular fibrillation and then death? (3)

Answer 2

• loss of blood supply/damage to heart
• pathological Q waves, T wave inversion
• loss of blood supply to body

Question 3

What does the cardiovascular system do to transport over long distances?

Answer 3

Speeds up gas and solute

Question 4

What is the function of the cardiovascular system? (5)

Answer 4

• deliver O2 and nutrients to cells
• remove CO2 and waste products from cells
• coms betweens organs
• temp regulation
• crucial hydrodynamic device in sexual reproduction

Question 5

What does the CVS do to communicate between organs?

Answer 5

Transport of hormones and other extracellular mediators

Question 6

What can the CV circulation be divided into? (3)

Answer 6

• systemic circuit
• pulmonary circuit
• the heart as the central pump

Question 7

What is the composition of blood? (3)

Answer 7

• plasma 55%
• leucocytes and platelets
• erythrocytes/hematocrit - 45%

Question 8

What is contained within the plasma in the blood? (7)

Answer 8

• water
• ions
• proteins
• nutrients
• hormones
• metabolic wastes
• gases

Question 9

What is the blood distribution like in the CVS? (6)

Answer 9

• pulmonary circulation - 12%
• heart - 9%
• arteries - 11%
• arterioles and capillaries - 7%
• veins and venules - 61%

Question 10

What is blood flow like at rest? (7)

Answer 10

• brain - 13%
• heart - 4%
• skeletal muscle - 20%
• skin - 9%
• kidney - 20%
• abdominal organs - 24%
• other - 10%

Question 11

What are the different layers in the blood vessels that regulate their function? (4)

Answer 11

• lumen
• endothelial (tunica intima)
• smooth muscle cells (tunica media)
• connective tissue (tunica adventita)

Question 12

What are the layers like in arteries? (3)

Answer 12

• large lumen
• thick layer of smooth muscle (tunica media)
• thick later of connective tissue (tunica adventitia)

Question 13

What does the thick layer of elastic smooth muscle act as in arteries?

Answer 13

Pressure reservoir

Question 14

What is contraction and relaxation like in arteries to arterioles? (2)

Answer 14

• systole - stretches - absorbes pressure
• diastole - passive recoil - releasing pressure

Question 15

What are the layers like in arterioles? (2)

Answer 15

• thin muscular wall
• small lumen

Question 16

What does contraction of smooth muscle regulate in arterioles? (3)

Answer 16

• diameter of the lumen
• determines blood flow to organs
• (major determinant of mean arterial pressure)

Question 17

What is the layers like in capillaries, what does it allow/not allow? (3)

Answer 17

• single layer of endothelial cells
• exchange of nutrient, oxygen and waste
• NOT proteins

Question 18

What is exchange facilitated by in capillaries? (3)

Answer 18

• slow movement of blood
• large SA within capillaries
• intercellular clefts and fused vesicles channels assist the exchange

Question 19

What are the layer likes in venules? What does this allow? (4)

Answer 19

• thin walls
• large diameter lumen
• have valves
• storage of large blood vol (60%)

Question 20

What is the return of venous blood to the heart facilitated by? (2)

Answer 20

• valves
• skeletal muscle pump

Question 21

What is the overall structure of the heart? (2)

Answer 21

• right side (small) - supplies the lung
• left side (large) - supplies the body

Question 22

What are the different layers of the heart? (3)

Answer 22

• myocardium
• epicardium
• pericardium

Question 23

What are the different septums of the heart? (2)

Answer 23

• apex - interventricular septum
• interatrial septum

Question 24

What are the different valves in the heart? (Right to left side) (4)

Answer 24

• right AV valve (tricuspid)
• pulmonary semilunar valve
• left AV valve (bicuspid, mitral)
• aortic semilunar valve

Question 25

What are the tendons that hold the valves? (Far to close to septum) (2)

Answer 25

- chordae tendinae - papillary muscle

Question 26

What is the route of blood flow in the heart? (2)

Answer 26

- R atrium, R ventricle, pulmonary valve, to lungs - L atrium, L AV valve, L ventricle, aortic valve to rest of the body

Question 27

What is blood supply like in the heart? (3)

Answer 27

- network of blood vessels with oxygenated blood by coronary arteries - coronary arteries branch off the aorta (LV) - most deoxygenated blood drains into RA by coronary sinus

Question 28

What is coronary arterial disease? (2)

Answer 28

- insufficient blood flow (ischemia) related to chest pains (angina) - radiates down L Arm - severe blockage can lead to death or myocardial infarction

Question 29

What are causes of CAD? (4)

Answer 29

- atherosclerosis (thickening) - blood clot (coronary thrombosis) - drugs - surgery

Question 30

How do you treat CAD? (3)

Answer 30

- dye shows blockage of right coronary artery - guide wire used to insert balloon that is inflated to allow insertion of wire stent - repaired vessel

Question 31

What are the layers around the brain? (6)

Answer 31

- skin - periosteum - dura metter - arachnoid - (CSF and blood vessels) - pia matter

Question 32

What is the function of the CSF? (2)

Answer 32

- cushions brain against damage - produced in specialised epithelial cell (choroid plexus)

Question 33

What is circulation around the brain and spinal cord driven by? (2)

Answer 33

- changes in circulation, respiratory and posture - passses into vein via valves at the top of the skull (arachnoid villus)

Question 34

What are blood vessels and the blood brain barrier like? (4)

Answer 34

- vessels dive into brain - capillaries - tight junction, less permeable (difficult to get molecules apart from lipophilic molecules // anaesthetics, alcohol) - no glycogen - constant supply of glucose and O2 - loss of blood supply and death of neurons - stroke