L43 - Intro To Bones And Joints Flashcards
(44 cards)
1
Q
What are the functions of the musculoskeletal system? (5)
A
- support
- movement
- protection
- produces blood cells
- stores minerals
2
Q
What are some structures of the muscoloskeletal system? (3)
A
- bones
- muscles
- connective tissue (cartilage, ligaments, tendons)
3
Q
What is bone like? (2)
A
- exterios - compact
- interior - spongy
4
Q
What are the different cartilages? (3)
A
- fibrocartilage - intervertebral discs, menisci in joint spaces
- elastic - external ear, epiglottis, larynx
- hyaline - growth plate, joint surfaces, temporary scaffold
5
Q
What is the function of bone? (7)
A
- support
- protection
- muscle attachment
- mineral reservoir
- haematopoiesis
- lipid storage
- endrocrine
6
Q
What is the function of cartilage? (4)
A
- template for bone formation
- growth of long bones
- smooth
- articulating joint surface
7
Q
What is water content like in bone vs cartilage? (3)
A
- bone - 20-25%
- cartilage - 75-80%
- (%total wet weight)
8
Q
What is composition like in bone? (4)
A
- mineral - 65
- type I collagen - 30
- proteoglycans/
glycoproteins - 5 - (%total dry weight)
9
Q
What is composition like in cartilage? (6)
A
- type II collagen - 65
- proteoglycans - 20
- glycosaminoglycans - 10
- glycoproteins - 5
- (%total dry weight)
10
Q
What are the different cell types in bone? (3)
A
- osteoblasts (forming)
- osteocytes (abundant)
- osteoclasts (resorbing)
11
Q
What are the different cell types in cartilage? (2)
A
- chondroblasts
- chondrocytes
12
Q
What is the anatomy of the skeleton? (2)
A
- axial skeleton (bone of skull and vertebral column and ribs 80)
- appendicular skeleton (bones of limbs, pelvis, scapular and clavicle 126)
13
Q
What is the classification of bones by shape? (4)
A
- long bone
- short bone
- flat bone
- irregular bone
14
Q
What is bone structure like? (5)
A
- periosteum
- compact bone
- spongy bone
- bone marrow
- endosteum
15
Q
What is compact bone like? (4)
A
- outer layer of most bones
- composed of osteons
- provides strength and support
- site of muscle attachment
16
Q
What is spongy bone like? (4)
A
- inside bones
- lighweight, porous composed of trabeculae
- reduced the wight of bones
- contains bone marrow - blood cell formation
17
Q
What are bone cells? (4)
A
- osteogenic cells - progenitor cell
- osteoblasts - form bone
- osteocytes - mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue
- osteoclasts - destroy bone matrix
18
Q
What is ossification?
A
Bone formation
19
Q
What does the skeleton develop from? (3)
A
- emrbyonic mesenchyme
- unspecialised cells in gel like matrix
- bones develop and replace existing structures
20
Q
What is intramembranous ossification? (3)
A
- cells aggregate in sites of bone development
- mesenchymal cells migrate and form condensations
- bone forms directly in condensation
21
Q
What is endochondral ossification? (2)
A
- cartilage template forms
- cartilage template is replaceed by bone
22
Q
What are the steps in intramembranous ossification? (4)
A
- formation of ossification centre
- osteocytes develop mineral salts - calcification
- formation of trabeculae
- development of periosteum, spongy bone and compact bone tissue
23
Q
What are the steps in endochondral ossification? (5)
A
- chondrocytes enlarge at centre of cartilage and die as matrix calcifies
- osteoblasts cover cartilage in thin bone layer
- blood vessels penetrate, form primary ossifcation center
- bone shaft thickends, cartilage neat epiphysis is replaced by shafts of bone
- blood vessels invade epiphyses and osteoblasts fom secondary centers of ossification
24
Q
What is bone growth like appositional (width)? (3)
A
- periosteum - osteoblasts that form new bone
- endosteum - contain osteoclasts that digest bone
- balanced process = thickening and medullary cavity inc in size
25
What is bone growth like interstitial (length)? (5)
- at growth plate
- epiphyseal plate/growth plate made of cartilage
- new cartilage produced grows towards epiphyseal end, lenthening the bone
- cartilage dies, replaced by bone from diaphyseal end up
- continues until adulthood, cartilage replaced by bone, leaving epiphyseal line
26
What is maintenance of adult bone: remodelling? (5)
- continuous process
- growth and repair
- calcium homeostasis
- involves osteoclast and osteoblast
- affected by hormones
27
What is bone loss in disease? (5)
- osteoporosis
- decreased bone density
- post-menopausal women
- often no early symptoms
- more vulnerable to fractures
28
What are the types of bone fracture? (6)
- transverse
- linear
- oblique, nondisplaced
- spiral
- greenstick
- comminuted
29
What are the bone regenerations: fracture healing? (4)
- hematoma formation
- soft callus formation
- hard callus formation
- bone remodelling
30
What is hematoma formation? (2)
- hematoma converted to granulation tissue
- invasion of cells and blood capillaries
31
What is soft callus formation? (2)
- deposition of collages and fibrocartilage
- converts granulation tissue to soft callus
32
What is hard callus formation?
- osteoblasts deposits a temp bony collar around fracture
- unites broken pieces while ossification occurs
33
What is bone remodelling? (2)
- small bone fragments are removed by osteoclasts
- osteoblast deposit spongy bone and then convert it to compact bone
34
What are joints?
where 2 or more bones meet allowing movement and structure stability
35
How are joints classified according to? (2)
- range of motion they exhibit
- type of tissue that holds the bone together
(Synovial, fibrous, cartilaginous)
36
What are synovial joints?
Diarthroses (allow free movement)
37
What are the 6 subtypes of synovial joints?
- planar
- hinge
- pivot
- condyloid
- saddle
- ball and socket
38
What is the structure of a synovial joint? (7)
- articular cartilage
- synovial membrane
- synovial fluid
- joint capsule
- ligaments
- lacks blood vessels
- nutrients provided from synovial fluid
39
What is joint movement? (2)
- 3 main axis (X, Y and Z)
- uniaxial, biaxial and polyaxial
40
What are the subtypes of synovial joint I? (3)
- plane
- hinge
- pivot
41
What are the subtypes of synovial joint II? (3)
- condylar joint
- saddle joint
- ball and socket joint
42
What are the changes in joint structurew with age and disease? (2)
- osteoarthritis
- rheumatoid arthiritis
43
What is osteoarthritis? (3)
- articular cartilage breaks down
- joint spaces narrow, bone surfaces thicken
- = pain, stiffness, inflammation and limited movement
44
What is rheumatoid arthritis? (3)
- joint structure altered by chronic inflammation
- = synovial membrane thickening, joint swelling, cartilage damage, bone erosion
- impairs joint function and mobility
