L3_OchemII

Question 0

Non-polar molecules with an R-replacing hydrogen (R-O-R). Simple ones are used as anesthetics.

Answer 0

Ethers

Question 1

Simple to complex polar molecules with a Sulfur atom replacing Oxygen in the OH- group; (R-S-H) The Sulfide Group (important in protein structure and in cellular energy production

Answer 1

Thiols

Question 2

Polar alcohol molecules with one benzene ring or more; aromatic with OH group, many of these are used as antiseptics

Answer 2

Phenols

Question 3

A polar group with a carbon double bonded to an oxygen, and seen in carboxylic acids, aldehydes, keytones, esters, amides

Answer 3

Carbonyl Group

Question 4

R-COH

Answer 4

Aldehyde

Question 5

The first aldehyde in series: R group is H (CH2O)

Answer 5

Formaldehyde

Question 6

A liver metabolite of ethyl alcohol (responsible for alcohol hangover)

Answer 6

acetaldehyde

Question 7

Derivative of aldehyde by substituting R’ for H OCRR’; This group is the chemical cause of the genetic disease Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Answer 7

Keytones

Question 8

R-COOH; a common organic acid group; R is any aliphatic or aromatic compound

Answer 8

Carboxylic Acid

Question 9

Why is carboxylic acid (R-COOH) a weak acid?

Answer 9

-COOH is a weak acid because H+ dissociates for only a brief period of time. Less H+ in solution means less acid in solution

Question 10

A common carboxylic acid identified as fats or lipids; acid fats

Answer 10

fatty acids

Question 11

How are fatty acids classified?

Answer 11

Their saturation. Saturated or unsaturated

Question 12

Are saturated or unsaturated fatty acids higher in calories?

Answer 12

Saturated. They have more H, thus more calories

Question 13

This unsaturated fatty acid is a messenger molecule

Answer 13

Prostaglandin

Question 14

Created from the -COOH group by replacing H with an -R. Many are fragrant RCOOR’

Answer 14

Esters

Question 15

The suffix of -oate refers to:

Answer 15

Esters

Question 16

This molecule ______ NH3 has a tetrahedral structure, and can lose any of its 3 hydrogens to R groups

Answer 16

Ammonia

Question 17

Differentiate between a primary, secondary and tertiary amine

Answer 17

Primary: 1 R group (RNH2)
Secondary: 2 R groups (RNHR)
Tertiary: 3 R groups (RNRR)

Question 18

These are the building blocks of proteins and are all amines:

Answer 18

Amino acids

Question 19

Most amino acids are:

Answer 19

Primary amines (R-NH2)

Question 20

A huge class of amines based on ring structures with one or more nitrogen atoms in the carbon ring

Answer 20

heterocyclic amines

Question 21

A class of amines that are the building blocks of DNA, RNA, porphyrin rings, vitamin B6, nicotine, carcinogens, alkaloids, etc.

Answer 21

Heterocyclic amines

Question 22

A class of heterocyclic amines that chelate a metal ion in the molecule’s center. Important in the function of many enzymes

Answer 22

Porphyrins

Question 23

An amine group with a carbonyl group is called:

Answer 23

Amide (OCN)

Question 24

All proteins are:

Answer 24

Amides

Question 25

______ are the building blocks of proteins. All proteins are ______.

Answer 25

Amines; Amides

Question 26

A peptide bond (_____) is formed when the _______ group of one amino acid reacts with the ______ group of another amino acid, releasing a molecule of ______. This is called a ________ synthesis. The resulting molecule is called a ________

Answer 26

OC-NH; carboxyl; amino; H20; dehydration; peptide

Question 27

The simplest forms of protein are called:

Answer 27

Peptides

Question 28

Biological systems are structurally composed of what 4 organic molecules?

Answer 28

Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids

Question 29

What 3 groups are amino acids made of?

Answer 29

1. NH2, the basic amino group 2. R, any aliphatic or aromatic group that makes the a.a unique 3. COOH, the acidic carboxyl group

Question 30

A protein is a long, _______ chain of bonded amino acids

Answer 30

linear

Question 31

A polypeptide is:

Answer 31

Multiple bonded amino acids (4+); also called a protein

Question 32

Simple sugars, complex sugars, and starches fall under the category of:

Answer 32

Carbohydrates

Question 33

This type of carbohydrate is created by linking multiple simple sugars in long chains, similar to protein creation

Answer 33

Starches

Question 34

(T/F) Starches are very water soluble (polar)

Answer 34

True

Question 35

Sugar (saccharides) are defined by:

Answer 35

A ring containing 4-5 carbons and 1oxygen

Question 36

Cellulose is a type of:

Answer 36

Polysaccharide

Question 37

What are the three types of lipids (fats)?

Answer 37

Fatty acids, glycerols, and sterols

Question 38

Which of these form the smallest forms of macromolecules? Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

Answer 38

Lipids

Question 39

The most common role of lipids are in _____ __________

Answer 39

cell membranes

Question 40

A common component of cell membranes and the basic molecule used to make sterol hormones like corticosteroids (molecules made in the adrenal glands)

Answer 40

Cholesterol

Question 41

______ is the backbone of glyceride fats

Answer 41

Glycerol

Question 42

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

Answer 42

Nucleotides

Question 43

Nucleotides are composed of:

Answer 43

5-Carbon sugar Nitrogenous Base A(n inorganic) phosphate group

Question 44

In DNA and RNA, ______ and ______ groups form the chain of the nucleic acid

Answer 44

Sugar and phosphate. Thus called the sugar and phosphate back bone

Question 45

The 2 types of nitrogenous bases are ______ and _______. They are _____ amines

Answer 45

Purines and pyrimidines; heterocyclic

Question 46

Pyrimidines have ______ ring.

Answer 46

1

Question 47

Purines have _____ rings.

Answer 47

2 linked

Question 48

Compared to deoxyribose, a ribose has an extra ____ group

Answer 48

OH

Question 49

RNA is a single-strand nucleic acid made of _______

Answer 49

ribonucleotides

Question 50

How many types of RNA are there?

Answer 50

3

Question 51

DNA strands are held together by_______ bonds

Answer 51

weak hydrogen bonds

Question 52

A-____ | C-____

Answer 52

T | G

Question 53

Contains a carbonyl group and is R-COH

Answer 53

aldehyde