L5_Carbohydrates Flashcards
(109 cards)
0
Q
Proteins are made from:
A
amino acids
1
Q
What are the 4 classes of organic macromolecules?
A
Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids
2
Q
Carbohydrates are made from:
A
Sugars
3
Q
Lipids are made from:
A
Aliphatic chains and sterols
4
Q
Nucleic Acids are made from:
A
Nucleotides
5
Q
The suffix “ose” indicates a molecule that is a ______ or _______
A
sugar or carbohydrate
6
Q
Macromolecular-sized carbohydrates are made of repeating subunits of sugars, and are called:
A
Starches
7
Q
________ are the basic building block of all starches and sugars
A
Monosaccharides
8
Q
Simple sugars are called ________ and ____________
A
monosaccharides and disaccharides
9
Q
Complex sugars are called
A
polysaccharide
10
Q
The characteristic structure of a monosaccharide sugar is:
A
A ring of 4/5 carbons
1 oxygen atom in the ring
Numerous hydroxyl (OH-) groups attached to ring
11
Q
Digestion converts starches and sugars into the base biological sugar ________ for cells to utilize in energy production
A
Glucose
12
Q
Carbohydrates in diet have an exclusive role to:
A
generate energy
13
Q
________ are single sugar moieties, or _____ building blocks. Single subunits can also be called ________
A
Monosaccharides, subunit, momomers
14
Q
Glucose, fructose, ribose, galactose, lactose, arabinose, mannose are examples of:
A
Monosaccharides
15
Q
Disaccharides are two monosaccharides bonded by an ______ _______ using a _______ ________ reaction
A
oxygen bridge; dehydration synthesis
16
Q
Dimers are:
A
Two monomers bonded
17
Q
An oligosaccharide is a small length polysaccharide with ___ to ___ sugar subunits
A
3 to 10
18
Q
Oligosaccharides are often a component of ________ or _______ and are used as cell surface markers, often for immune recognition
A
Glycoprotein, glycolipid
19
Q
A or B blood types will have two different _________ _________ embedded in the ________ of RBCs
A
oligosaccharide Glycolipids; plasmalemma
20
Q
Multiple monosaccharides bonded in long chains are called:
A
Polysaccharides
21
Q
_____ are polysaccharides and are created from simple sugars by linking multiple simple sugars in long chains, similar to protein creation
A
Starches
22
Q
What are the 3 major starch types?
A
Amylose, amylopectin, and cellulose
23
Q
Amylose, amylopectin, and cellulose are all synthesized from _____, which is the primary product of ________
A
glucose; photosynthesis
24
Cellulose is ______; Amylopectin and amylose are ___ _____ ____
structural; energy storage molecules
25
_____ is a starch created by animals and stored in the _____ and _____ ______
glycogen; liver; skeletal muscles
26
What is the primary source of carbohydrate storage in aminals?
Glycogen
27
What is the most important monosaccharide in biological systems?
Glucose
28
Glucose is used by cells for creating high-energy storage molecules called ______ in 2 processes, which are:
ATP
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle/ Oxidative Phosphorylation
29
What is glucose made of?
A simple 6-carbon sugar called an aldohexose (aldose + hex[6])
30
Glucose exists as enantiomers, which are_____ and _____. Which is used in biological systems for energy generation?
L-glucose and D-glucose;
D-glucose is used in biological systems
31
An aldehyde is defined by:
O=C-H reactive group
32
D-glucose dissolved in cellular fluid flips back and forth between ____ structure and _____ structure, the rate dependent on ___
ring; non-ring; pH
33
What is the difference between chirality and an enantiomer?
Chirality is a simple position in change
| Enantiomer is an entire molecular mirror image
34
Difference between alpha and beta chirality?
alpha: H over OH
beta: OH over H
35
Which chiral form of glucose is used in glycolysis?
B-D-glucose
36
How is a-D-glucose utilized?
It is converted by an enzyme to B-D-glucose and then utilized in glycolysis
37
______ is the sweetest of sugars, a 6-carbon simple sugar, and a ketohexose because it has a _____ group
Fructose; ketone
38
Structure of ketone is:
OCRR'
39
Fructose (a ketose sugar) flips from chain to ring just like _____
glucose
40
(T/F) Fructose also has a & B chiral forms
TRUE!
41
The process of 2 monosaccharides bonding to an enzyme, with one molecule of H2O is called:
dehydration synthesis
42
Dehydration synthesis of two monosaccharides create a linkage called:
Glycosidic bond
43
What is the most common bonding link in saccharides?
glycosidic bonds
44
In a glycosidic bond, one ____ and ____ are removed; then an ____ ___ forms between two ring structures, and ___ is released
OH- and H+; oxygen bridge; H20
45
Dehydration synthesis releases water into the ______
cytoplasm
46
The catabolic process where macromolecules like proteins and carbohydrates are broken down into their individual subunits; NEED WATER!
Hydrolysis
47
In the hydrolysis of a protein, why does it have to be "watered" down?
So that each amino acid can get back its H-group and OH-group previously removed. That is why people get thirsty after a high-starch/ high-protein meal
48
(T/F) Starches are typically one type of monomer rather than two differing monomers
True
49
(T/F) Starches normally have branches
True
50
(T/F) Starches are readily soluble in water
FALSE
| Must be broken down by enzymes or heat to utilize the sugars for metabolism
51
Amylopectin is a plant starch made only from ______ monomers
glucose
52
Amylose is a long-chain plant starch of _________ monomers
glucose
53
What is the percentage of amylose and amylopectin in plants?
70% amylopectin
| 30% amylose
54
What are the two sugar storage molecules in plants?
Amylose and amylopectin
55
Amylose is a water soluble starch, and is broken down by ______, a common ______ and ________ enzyme
amylase; salivary; intestinal
56
The animal starch storage molecule is called:
Glycogen
57
Glycogen is highly branched, but still composed of _____, like amylopectin and amylose
glucose
58
Glycogen is the major storage molecule of ______ tissue
muscle
59
What gives cellulose its stiff, dry character?
hydrogen bonding which holds it tightly together
60
Animal starch as a protective cover is called:
chitin
61
What is considered cellulose in lower animals, especially insects?
Chitin; It serves the same functions as cellulose does in plants as a structural and protective starch
62
Chitin is composed of:
A polysaccharide of repeating monomers of N-acetyl glucosamine (a sugar-amino monomer)
63
(T/F) Some polysaccharides have 2 different monomers
True; example chondroitin sulfate
64
Metabolic processes are classified as ______ or ______
catabolic or anabolic
65
This process breaks down molecules and macromolecules to harvest nutrition and energy
Catabolism
66
This process builds molecules (hormones, building block molecules) and macromolecules
Anabolism
67
Anabolic processes are also called _____
biosynthesis
68
(T/F) storing glycogen and fat are types of anabolic processes
True
69
Carbohydrates, in the form of ______, fuel the systems that create ______, the high energy molecule
glucose; ATP
70
How many methods are there to generate ATP?
2
71
The simpler and les efficient ATP generation is ______
glycolysis
72
(T/F) Prokaryotes use Kreb's Cycle to generate ATP
FALSE! They use glycolysis ONLY
73
Eukaryotes use ______ to generate substrates used in the highly efficient process _______ or ________ followed by _____ ________, which produces many times more ATP than glycolysis
glycolysis; Kreb's Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle; Oxidative Phosphorylation
74
The utilization of glucose and other molecules to create ATP is called ____ _____
Cellular respiration
75
(T/F) Cellular respiration cannot occur without oxygen
FALSE; can occur with or without oxygen
76
_____ ______ takes place without O2, and is called glycolysis; produces a small amount of ATP
Anaerobic respiration
77
Aerobic respiration requires ____, but produces an abundance of ____ and _______
02; ATP; Carbon Dioxide
78
What are the 2 most common fuels for anaerobic and aerobic respiration?
Glucose and fructose; molecules like amino acids and lipids can also be utilized
79
_____ are broken down (catabolic) into small molecules to fuel ) _____ and _____ respiration
Macromolecules; aerobic and anaerobic
80
Polysaccharide starches are broken down by enzymatic action and _______ (add water), leaving ______ molecules for fueling _______
hydrolyzed, glucose, respiration
81
How are proteins broken down?
By proteases (enzymes in the stomach acid)
82
How are lipids broken down?
By lipases after they have been dissolved in bile acids excreted from the LV and GB
83
What suffix indicates an enzyme?
"-ase"
84
What is the general metabolism of carbohydrates?
1. Large carbohydrates degraded into simple sugars
2. Sugars enter glycolysis and form pyruvate + 2 ATP + NADH
3. Pyruvate converted to Acetyl Coenzyme A
4. Acetyl CoA enters Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle
5. ATP produced from oxidative phosphorylation of Krebs products plus CO2
85
When sugars enter glycolysis, what do they form?
pyruvate + 2 ATP + NADH
86
What is pyruvate converted into?
Acetyl Coenzyme A
87
What cycle does Acetyl CoA enter?
Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle
88
Oxidative phosphorylation of Krebs products produces
ATP and CO2
89
Glycolysis metabolizes simple sugars to create
pyruvic acid
90
What kind of simple sugar enters glycolyctic cycle?
B-D glucose
91
First step of glycolyctic cycle: Sugar is ______ by ATP; ____ ATP are used per sugar molecule
phosphorylated; 2
92
The phosphorylated sugar in glycolysis is a ______
fructose 1,6-biphosphate
93
Fructose 1,6-biphosphate is worked on my enzymes with 2 _____, which produces 2 ______, 2 ______ and 4 ______
2 NAD+
| 2 Pyruvic acid, 2 NADH, 4 ATP
94
In glycolysis, what is the net gain?
2 ATP per sugar molecule
95
Where does glycolysis take place?
Cytoplasm
96
What are the two steps in glycolysis?
1. Sugar phosphorylated by 2 ATP creating fructose 1,6-biphosphate
2. Enzymes with 2 NAD+ use fructose to make 2 pyruvic acid, 2 NADH, and 4 ATP; Net gain of 2 ATP per sugar
97
What is gluconeogenesis?
When glucose is not immediately available from digestate, and created from precursor molecules like lactate or amino acids in an anabolic process
98
Gluconeogenesis utilizes ____ and ____ _____ to create glucose in this ______ process
lactate, amino acids; anabolic
99
What regulates gluconeogenesis?
Insulin
100
What are the products of glycolysis?
2 pyruvic acids
2 NADH
4 ATP
101
______ is the important product of glycolysis because it feeds _____ into the ______ cycle
Pyruvate (pyruvic acid); carbon; Krebs
102
Acetyl CoEnzyme A (ACA) shunts carbon from ______ into the _____ cycle
pyruvate; Krebs
103
NAD+/ NADH stands for:
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
104
An important energy-carrying intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism
NADH/ NAD+
105
What is NADH/ NAD+ composed of?
2 nucleotides bonded by an oxygen bridge
106
What is nicotinamide made from?
Vitamin B3
107
ATP stands for:
Adenosine Triphosphate
108
ATP is composed of 3 _________, a _________ and ________
```
3 high-energy phosphates
Monosaccharide (ribose)
Nitrogenous base (adenine)
```
