L4_CellBio

Question 0

All cells are separated by a ________ or _______ ________. Plants, bacteria, protozoa and viruses have a _____ or ______ outside of it for extra protection

Answer 0

plasmallema
plasma membrane
wall
capsule

Question 1

Cells are surrounded by salty ________ _________ outside the cell wall or membrane

Answer 1

interstitial fluid

Question 2

All cells have cytoplasm, which is:

Answer 2

the fluid and structure environment within the plasmalemma

Question 3

The cytoplasm/ cytosol is salty because of:

Answer 3

Dissolved ions NA+, K+, Ca2+ and Cl-

Question 4

Prokaryotes are ____-cellular. Their genetic material is held together but float freely in the ________cell

Answer 4

uni

cytoplasm

Question 5

Prokaryotes are primarily _______ and _________

Answer 5

Bacteria and viruses

Question 6

Eukaryotes are mostly ____-cellular. In the cytoplasm, they have a separate ______ _______ encased by a nuclear membrane

Answer 6

multi; cell nucleus

Question 7

Examples of eukaryotes are:

Answer 7

Fungi, plants, animals and protozoids

Question 8

What 3 characteristics of plant cells differ them from animal cells?

Answer 8

1. Central vacuole: Holds water and provides turgidity
2. Cell wall: Outside of plasmalemma; made of cellulose (chains of sugar)
3. Chloroplasts: C02->O2; Reverse of mitochondria, turns sugar into cellulose

Question 9

The nucleus contains structures used for:

Answer 9

Cell division and protein synthesis

Question 10

Give 3 examples of multi-nucleated cells

Answer 10

Plant cells
Nerve cells
Skeletal muscle cells

Question 11

Why are RBCs a-nucleate? How long do they live? Which organs degrade them?

Answer 11

RBC’s have their nucleus removed while maturing in the bone marrow. They live 3-4 months and are degraded by the SP and LV

Question 12

The _______ ________ is double-layered membrane and contains ______ which allow materials to selectively pass through

Answer 12

nuclear envelop; pores

Question 13

Giant particles of tightly wound spools DNA are called:

Answer 13

chromatin

Question 14

These are chromatin that are less-tightly packed and easily available for DNA transcription

Answer 14

Euchromatin

Question 15

Chromatin not used by the cell and packed to keep the genes conserved

Answer 15

Heterochromatin

Question 16

The main function of the nucleolus is to:

Answer 16

Makes organelles called ribosomes from rRNA and proteins

Question 17

The endoplasmic reticulum are a network of ______ ______ ______ that course throughout the cytoplasm

Answer 17

lipid bilayer membranes

Question 18

What holds the membranes of the cell in place?

Answer 18

Cytoskeleton

Question 19

The 6 functions of the ER are:

Answer 19

1. Organize interior of cell
2. Allow organized transport of molecular products
3. Provide space for enzymes to manufacture molecules (lipids, hormones, enzymes and carbs)
4. Store cellular products (proteins)
5. Create vacuoles for storage and metabolism
6. Create vesicles which transport in/ out of cell

Question 20

What differentiates rough ER from smooth ER?

Answer 20

RER attaches ribosomes in its bilayer which produces protein

SER is able to reorganize itself to form Golgi Complexes which modify protein products

Question 21

Flattened ER found near the nucleus are called:

Answer 21

Golgi complex/ apparatus

Question 22

The golgi complex receives ______, ______, and ______ from the ER manufacturies

Answer 22

carbohydrates, lipids and protein

Question 23

In the golgi, materials are modified and stored in _____ or secretory vessels

Answer 23

vacuoles

Question 24

The process of vacuoles being transported out of the cell is called ______. What are two common cell products transported?

Answer 24

exocytosis; mucus and digestive enzymes

Question 25

What do the golgi complex transport to the plasmalemma? (2)

Answer 25

Proteins and lipids

Question 26

Ribosomes are organelles which manufacture _________ from translated genetic code (_____ _____) and _____ _____

Answer 26

proteins; messenger RNA; amino acids

Question 27

Ribosomes are made from ____ ____ (rRNA) and ______.

Answer 27

ribosomal RNA and proteins

Question 28

What are the subunits ribosomes are made of?

Answer 28

A larger 50s subunit and a smaller 30s subunit

Question 29

The _____ subunit of the ribosome has a tunnel with an ____ ____ where a.a. are linked together by the enzymatic action to make proteins

Answer 29

50s, active site

Question 30

What is an active site?

Answer 30

It is the location on the enzyme where it catalyzes its reactions

Question 31

(T/F) a mitochondria has a double-layer membrane

Answer 31

TRUE

Question 32

(T/F) Mitochondria are found in prokaryotes

Answer 32

False

Question 33

Biologist theorize that mitochondria are ______ organisms that began as a ______ relationship with eukaryote cells

Answer 33

prokaryote; symbiotic

Question 34

Mitochondria make:

Answer 34

ATP

Question 35

Why is mitochondria a unique organelle?

Answer 35

It has its own loops of DNA and may reproduce by itself through fission

Question 36

Vesicles pinched off from the ER or Golgi and filled with a specific product are called

Answer 36

Vacuoles

Question 37

The process in which a plasmalemma creates vacuoles for encapsulating external masses, surrounding a particle is called ______/ ________. The particle is called ________

Answer 37

Phagocytosis/ endocytosis: phagosome

Question 38

What is a macrophage?

Answer 38

An immune WBC that uses endocytosis/ phagocytosis to remove and consume external pathogens like bacteria and viruses

Question 39

The process in which a vacuole fuses with the plasmalemma and releases its contents to the interstitial environment is called:

Answer 39

exocytosis

Question 40

Phagosomes are created by ______, and fuse with ________ that carry _______ enzymes that break down the substance

Answer 40

endocytosis, lysosomes, lysing

Question 41

The metabolic act of breaking down complex substances into smaller molecules is called

Answer 41

catabolism

Question 42

The building process of the cell that assembles structures and stores molecules is called

Answer 42

anabolism

Question 43

This gives the cell structure and volume. It runs along inside the plasmalemma

Answer 43

Cytoskeleton

Question 44

What are the two components of a cytoplasm?

Answer 44

Microtubules and Intermediate Microfilaments

Question 45

Stiff protein tubes that assemble and disassemble as the cell's structure needs change; repeating subunits

Answer 45

Microtubules

Question 46

Composed of a protein called actin which can stretch and contract the cell

Answer 46

Microfilaments

Question 47

The 2 structures which hold cells together are called:

Answer 47

tight junctions and desmosomes

Question 48

Cells are mainly structured by lipid bilayer membranes of 1 _____, 2 ______ and 3 ________.

Answer 48

1 phospholipid, 2 cholesterol, 3 proteins

Question 49

What is the most abundant molecule in a membrane?

Answer 49

phospholipid

Question 50

The primary property a phospholipid gives to membranes is:

Answer 50

Separation

Question 51

Separation of the membrane provides:

Answer 51

- protection from external imbalances - selective transport - create ground for manufacturing and storage space for cell products

Question 52

The polar ends of phospholipids in membranes face the water based fluids of the cell's interior (_______) and exterior (_______)

Answer 52

Cytoplasm; interstitial fluid

Question 53

_____ and ______ are embedded into the cell's plasmalemma

Answer 53

Carbohydrates and proteins

Question 54

These proteins (embedded in plasma membrane) bind hormones and transmitters:

Answer 54

Receptor proteins

Question 55

These proteins (embedded in plasma membrane) selectively allow ions and molecules through the membrane (ex. CA2+)

Answer 55

Channel proteins

Question 56

These proteins (embedded into the plasma membrane) carries hormones or other molecules through the membrane (e.g. insulin)

Answer 56

Carrier proteins

Question 57

Carbohydrates (glycogen- based moieties) have 4 functions in the cell membrane:

Answer 57

Cell lubricants Cell adhesives Cell identifying markers (immune recognizing) Cell Receptors

Question 58

Carbohydrates that act as receptors in the cell membrane are called (2)

Answer 58

glycolipids and glycoproteins

Question 59

Glycolipids are:

Answer 59

lipid-glycogen molecules

Question 60

Glycoproteins are:

Answer 60

protein-glycogen molecules (mucus)

Question 61

The process of a plasmalemma invaginating and drawing a particle in is called:

Answer 61

Endocytosis

Question 62

Vacuoles filled with catabolic enzymes are called:

Answer 62

lysosomes

Question 63

The process in which lysosomes fuse with phagosomes, digest the particles and excrete waste products through plasmalemma is called:

Answer 63

exocytosis

Question 64

When proteins on the surface use ATP to move molecules in and out of the cell; against concentration gradient

Answer 64

Active transport

Question 65

Proteins utilize natural chemical gradients of concentration to move molecules in/ out of cell without expending any energy; selective

Answer 65

Passive transport

Question 66

These proteins allow selective transport of ions, hormones and molecules (like glucose) in or out of the cell ; active transport

Answer 66

Channel proteins

Question 67

These proteins move larger molecules than channels, often use passive transport as well as active

Answer 67

Carrier proteins

Question 68

These receive molecular signals from the exterior and communicate a message into the interior of the cell

Answer 68

Receptors

Question 69

(T/F) Water can diffuse into the bilayer of a cell.

Answer 69

FALSE

Question 70

Receptors sense specific messenger molecules called _____

Answer 70

ligands

Question 71

A ligand can be a ____, ______, _____

Answer 71

ion; neurotransmitter; protein

Question 72

Ligands will launch onto the _____ ______ of the receptor to signal the cell of changes

Answer 72

active site

Question 73

This protein receptor is the target for about 50% of all pharmaceutical medications

Answer 73

G-protein receptors