L6-Lipids

Question 0

Lipids store energy as ______ to provide energy for making ___

Answer 0

hydrocarbons; ATP

Question 1

The primary structural component of membranes are:

Answer 1

Phospholipid fatty acids

Question 2

Lipids are messengers in the bloodstream as ______ and ______

Answer 2

hormones and prostaglandins

Question 3

Lipids are which vitamins?

Answer 3

A D E and K-series

Question 4

Dietary lipids are used to absorb vitamins from food; a human should have ___% of the diet in lipids to absorb enough vitamins

Answer 4

20

Question 5

(T/F) Lipids are fats and are strongly hydrophobic

Answer 5

TRUE

Question 6

3 Types of structural lipids are:

Answer 6

1. Fatty acids
2. Glycerols
3. Sterols

Question 7

4 types of lipids found in biological systems:

Answer 7

1. Fatty acids
2. Non-glyceride lipids
3. Glycerides
4. Complex Lipids

Question 8

Glycerides such as diglycerides, triglycerides, and esp. _______ are made from _____ and ______

Answer 8

phospholipids; glycerol; fatty acids

Question 9

Examples of complex lipids are

Answer 9

liposomes, micelles, lipoproteins and chylomicrons

Question 10

3 different, unrelated types of non-glyceride lipids are

Answer 10

sterols, waxes and sphingolipids

Question 11

The most crucial role of fatty acids in cells and tissues are as _____ chains in the structuring of ____ ____ ____, mostly as ______

Answer 11

aliphatic; cell bilayer membranes; phospholipids

Question 12

Fatty acids also form messenger molecules like _____, and are transformed into energy storage molecules like ______ fats or ______ oils

Answer 12

prostaglandins; triglyceride; vegetable

Question 13

Fatty acids can be used to emulsify non-polar and polar substances although they are non-polar because

Answer 13

they have acid heads then lend some solubility in water

Question 14

_____ are salts of fatty acids

Answer 14

soaps

Question 15

A fatty acid is a _____ chain with single or double chain, capped with a ______ group on one end and _____ on the other

Answer 15

hydrocarbon; methyl; carboxyl

Question 16

A fatty acid has a ____ group that is easily replaced or added to so it can combine with other molecules

Answer 16

carboxyl

Question 17

What creates a phospholipid?

Answer 17

Phosphate bonded to fatty acid

Question 18

______ is a major component of bilayer membranes and is also a ______, an emusifier

Answer 18

Phosphatidycholine; diglyceride

Question 19

What can emulsifiers do?

Answer 19

Able to get non-polar and polar substances to go into solution in water

Question 20

Hydrophilic Phosphate/ Amine ______;

Hydrophobic Fatty Acid ______

Answer 20

Heads; Tails

Question 21

Cholesterol is based on ______ (a non-glyceride lipid)

Answer 21

Sterol

Question 22

The sterol backbone is composed of:

Answer 22

three 6-carbon rings

one 5-carbon ring

Question 23

What is the precursor molecule for sterol-based compounds?

Answer 23

Cholesterol

Question 24

Sphingolipid is a non-_______ lipid

Answer 24

glyceride

Question 25

Sphingolipids are constructed from a fatty acid called ______ that contain:

Answer 25

``` Sphingosine amino (nitrogen-containing) alcohol and a long chain fatty acid ```

Question 26

What are sphingolipids important for?

Answer 26

Maintaining and improve function of the plasmalemma and occur in many forms

Question 27

Glyceride molecules are built from a ______ molecule, and have _ known types which are:

Answer 27

glycerol; 3; mono-, di-, and triglycerides

Question 28

How are glycerides named?

Answer 28

By the number of fatty acid chains attached to the glycerol backbone

Question 29

Two important _______ are used in the lipid bilayer, and compose the phosphoglycerides which are _____ and _____

Answer 29

diglycerides; phosphatidycholine and phosphatidylethanolamine

Question 30

______ are the most common way animals store fat in adipose tissue

Answer 30

Triglycerides

Question 31

Triglycerides can be broken down and converted to energy as needed, and have a high caloric value, almost double of ________

Answer 31

carbohydrates

Question 32

Triglyceride molecules packed in cells create:

Answer 32

fat tissue

Question 33

A small sphere of bilayer and stores or transports polar, water soluble molecules

Answer 33

Liposome

Question 34

A single later of phospholipid and stores or transports non-polar, fat soluble molecules

Answer 34

Micelle

Question 35

A chylomicron is a type of lipoprotein ______ that transports triglycerides and cholesterol throughout the body in the bloodstream

Answer 35

micelle

Question 36

What are the two most common lipid messengers?

Answer 36

Prostaglandins and sterols

Question 37

(T/F) Hormones can be made from nucleotides, peptides, and amino acids

Answer 37

true

Question 38

Prostaglandins are made from _____ _____

Answer 38

arachidonic acid

Question 39

Arachidonic acid is made from _____ _____, an essential fatty acid that humans must get from _____

Answer 39

linoeic acid; diet

Question 40

Arachidonic acid is converted into many types of ________ which are important for many messenger roles: in blood clotting, creating an inflammatory response, in menstrual cramping, protecting stomach lining, and bronchorestriction and bronchodilation in LU

Answer 40

prostaglandin

Question 41

Sterol backbone molecules are utilized to produce _____, digestive ____ _____, and cholesterol

Answer 41

hormones, bile acids, cholesterol

Question 42

Important gonadal (sex glands) hormones are steroid: (4)

Answer 42

testosterone, estriol, estradiol, progesterone

Question 43

Adrenal hormones _____ and ______ regulate many crucial and important processes in the body's immune response, usually by turning off inflammatory processes.

Answer 43

glucocorticoids; corticosteroids

Question 44

______ is a prime example of a synthetic and medical use of sterol hormones used to help with inflammatory diseases because of the side effects

Answer 44

Prednisone

Question 45

Lipid messengers (sterol or prostaglandin) enter a site on a plasmalemma enzyme, called a ___ _____ and begin a chain of events to signal the cell of changed conditions

Answer 45

cell receptor

Question 46

Carbohydrates are digested by enzymes in the ____ and _____ ____ into monomers that are easily absorbed through the ____ _____ directly into the bloodstream

Answer 46

saliva; small intestine; small intestine

Question 47

Lipids pass through the stomach into the _____ and _____ where bile salts delivered from the ______ break up lipid globules into small ____

Answer 47

duodenum; jejunum; liver; micelles

Question 48

The micelles are small enough to fuse with small intestine epithelial cells by ______, and begin their digestive journey

Answer 48

endocytosis

Question 49

SI is carpeted with micrometer ____ that expose a lot of SA to the lumen so they can absorb digestate

Answer 49

villi

Question 50

When a lipid globule enters the duodenum, sensory nerves tell the LV to excrete ______

Answer 50

bile

Question 51

(T/F) GB only activated when large quantities of fat are sensed

Answer 51

TRUE

Question 52

Bile and ______, also known as _______ break the globule and surround the fat, making micelles, or _____

Answer 52

lecithins (emulsifiers); droplets

Question 53

______ enzymes excreted from the _____ into the duodenum enter the micelles and begin breaking down the complex fats (usually ____ and ______)

Answer 53

Lipase; pancreas; triglycerides and cholesterol

Question 54

The micelles are absorbed through ______ by the _____ cells that line the SI lumen; Micelles are passed to the _____ cells for processing

Answer 54

Endocytosis; endothelial; parenchyma

Question 55

In the parenchyma cells, the micelles are _________ and become _______, then released from golgi system, and are transported by _______ to the lymph lacteal in the center of the villus

Answer 55

proteinated; chlyomicrons; lacteals; exocytosis

Question 56

A tube of cells that are the smallest in the lymph system:

Answer 56

Lymph lacteal

Question 57

The chylomicrons travel in the lymphs until they are released into the :

Answer 57

bloodstream

Question 58

When chylomicrons are released into bloodstream, the lipases in the chylomicrons begin ______ of fats and the resulting _____ and ___ _____ in the chylomicrons can be taken up by cells for their needs

Answer 58

Catalysis; glycerols; fatty acids

Question 59

Excess glycerols and fatty acids are taken up by adipose tissue and converted into ____ ____ and stored

Answer 59

triglyeride fats

Question 60

Lymphatic system empties into the bloodstream at the:

Answer 60

Superior vena cava near heart

Question 61

B-oxidation is an important step in providing metabolites for the ____ ___ using lipids for fuel

Answer 61

Krebs Cycle

Question 62

(T/F) It's harder to get rid of excess body fat (triglycerides)because B-oxidation is a very efficient way to burn calories to make ATP

Answer 62

TRUE

Question 63

B-oxidation is a _______ / ________process because it degrades fatty acids into component parts in measured steps

Answer 63

degradation; catabolic

Question 64

Where does B-oxidation take place?

Answer 64

Mitochondrion

Question 65

For each acetyl group that enters B-Oxidation:

Answer 65

You use 2 coenzyme A and 1 ATP | Produce abundance of coenzyme A

Question 66

1 FADH2 and 1NADH are produced for every __________ oxidized away from the fatty acid

Answer 66

2-carbon acetyl group

Question 67

What is the most common way to metabolize lipids for energy generation?

Answer 67

B-Oxidation

Question 68

B-Oxidation directly feeds the _____ _____ (step 2 of aeobic energy generation)

Answer 68

Krebs Cycle

Question 69

B-oxidation produces ________ for every _______ degraded from a fatty acid chain

Answer 69

1 Acetyl Coenzyme A (ACA) | 2-carbon acetyl group

Question 70

For every 2-Carbon acetyl group:

Answer 70

1 ATP consumed | 1 NADH and 1 FADh2 produced

Question 71

Where does B-Oxidation take place

Answer 71

Matrix of mitrochondria

Question 72

(T/F) B-Oxidation is super super efficient for generating ATP

Answer 72

True son.