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PA Gross Anatomy > L4: Peripheral Nervous System > Flashcards

L4: Peripheral Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of fibers are referred to as somatic motor?

A

Efferent fibers

Efferent fibers transmit motor signals from the CNS to skeletal muscles.

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2
Q

Where are the cell bodies of somatic motor fibers located?

A

In ventral grey horns and certain cranial nuclei

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3
Q

What do somatic sensory fibers transmit?

A

Sensory signals for touch, temperature, pain, proprioception

These signals come from skin, muscle, and joints.

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4
Q

What type of fibers are somatic sensory?

A

Afferent fibers

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5
Q

Where are the cell bodies of somatic sensory fibers located?

A

In dorsal root ganglia and certain cranial nerve ganglia

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6
Q

What do visceral sensory fibers transmit?

A

Sensory signals for pressure, pain, and chemical balance

These signals are from hollow organs and tissues to the CNS.

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7
Q

What type of fibers are visceral sensory?

A

Afferent fibers

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8
Q

Where are the cell bodies of visceral sensory fibers located?

A

In dorsal root ganglia and certain cranial nerve ganglia

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9
Q

What is the structure of visceromotor fibers?

A

Two neuron chain

This includes presynaptic/preganglionic and postsynaptic/postganglionic fibers.

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10
Q

What do presynaptic/preganglionic fibers transmit?

A

Motor instructions from CNS to neurons in autonomic ganglia

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11
Q

What do postsynaptic/postganglionic fibers transmit?

A

Motor signals from neurons in autonomic ganglia to effector organs

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12
Q

Where are the presynaptic cell bodies of visceromotor fibers located?

A

In lateral grey horns of spinal cord and certain cranial nuclei

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13
Q

Where are the postsynaptic cell bodies of visceromotor fibers located?

A

In sympathetic ganglia (i.e., paravertebral & prevertebral ganglia)

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14
Q

What do special sensory fibers transmit?

A

Sensory signals for taste, sight, hearing, balance

These signals come from organs to certain cranial nuclei.

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15
Q

What is the basic structure of a nerve?

A

Bundles of nerve fibers (i.e., axons)

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16
Q

What protects individual nerve fibers?

A

Endoneurium

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17
Q

What is the connective tissue layer that encases bundled nerve fibers?

A

Perineurium

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18
Q

What is the larger structure formed by many bundled nerve fibers called?

A

Fasciculus or fascicle

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19
Q

What is the outermost connective tissue layer that wraps multiple fascicles?

A

Epineurium

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20
Q

What determines the direction of signals in a nerve?

A

Fiber composition

This indicates whether signals travel to (afferent) or from (efferent) the CNS, or in both directions (sensory & motor fibers).

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21
Q

What do ganglia contain?

A

Cell bodies of neurons located outside the CNS

Ganglia are peripheral grey matter structures.

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22
Q

Where are somatic and visceral sensory neurons located?

A

Dorsal root ganglia and certain cranial nerve ganglia

These ganglia play a crucial role in transmitting sensory information.

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23
Q

What type of fibers are transmitted from certain cranial nerve ganglia?

A

Special sensory fibers

These fibers are involved in senses such as vision and hearing.

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24
Q

Where are autonomic ganglia located?

A

Various places throughout the body

Autonomic ganglia are responsible for involuntary control functions.

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25
What are sympathetic ganglia?
Ganglia that contain postsynaptic fibers from chain ganglia and prevertebral ganglia to target structures ## Footnote They are part of the sympathetic nervous system.
26
How many pairs of sympathetic chain/trunk or paravertebral ganglia are there?
22-23 pairs ## Footnote These ganglia run alongside the vertebral bodies.
27
What types of ganglia run along the abdominal aorta?
Prevertebral or collateral ganglia ## Footnote Examples include celiac and aorticorenal ganglia.
28
What are the four cranial ganglia associated with parasympathetic ganglia?
Ciliary, otic, pterygopalatine, submandibular ## Footnote These ganglia are involved in parasympathetic responses.
29
What do small ganglia on or near thoracic and proximal abdominal viscera communicate with?
Presynaptic fibers from the vagus nerve ## Footnote These ganglia play a role in regulating visceral functions.
30
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs ## Footnote Each pair corresponds to a specific segment of the spinal cord.
31
From where do spinal nerves arise?
The spinal cord ## Footnote They are responsible for transmitting signals to limbs, trunk, and neck.
32
What types of nerves arise from the brain?
Cranial nerves ## Footnote Cranial nerves primarily serve the face, neck, and viscera.
33
What type of fibers do all spinal nerves contain?
Both sensory and motor fibers ## Footnote This dual function is essential for reflexes and voluntary movements.
34
Where does each spinal nerve exit the vertebral column?
Either above or below their named vertebrae ## Footnote Note that there is no C8 vertebra but there is a C8 spinal nerve.
35
How many cervical nerves are there?
8 cervical nerves ## Footnote These nerves correspond to the segments of the cervical spine.
36
What is the total number of lumbar nerves?
5 lumbar nerves ## Footnote They are involved in lower body functions.
37
What is the number of sacral nerves?
5 sacral nerves ## Footnote These nerves are crucial for pelvic functions.
38
What is the number of coccygeal nerves?
1 coccygeal nerve ## Footnote This nerve is associated with the tailbone area.
39
What are dorsal roots comprised of?
Neuronal peripheral processes from pseudo-unipolar sensory neurons ## Footnote Dorsal root ganglia contain the cell bodies of these neurons.
40
Where do dorsal rootlets convey central processes?
To the spinal cord ## Footnote Dorsal rootlets synapse in dorsal grey horns.
41
What type of signals do dorsal roots carry?
Somatic sensory signals from the periphery toward the spinal cord
42
What do ventral roots convey?
Motor fibers from neurons that originate in the spinal cord
43
Where are the cell bodies of somatic motor neurons located?
In ventral grey horns
44
Where are the cell bodies of visceromotor neurons located?
In lateral grey horns
45
What forms a ventral root?
Axons conveyed from spinal cord via ventral rootlets condense
46
What are the two segments that the spinal nerves divide into?
Dorsal and ventral rami
47
What do dorsal rami distribute signals to?
Deep back muscles
48
What type of sensory information do dorsal rami receive?
Proprioceptive from deep back muscles and cutaneous along midline of upper back
49
What do ventral rami distribute?
Motor signals to and sensory signals from the anterolateral body and limbs
50
What do some ventral rami branch to form?
Plexuses
51
What do ventral rami connect to?
The sympathetic chain
52
What runs alongside the spinal cord?
Linked autonomic ganglia
53
What do axons from preganglionic sympathetic neurons pass to via white rami?
Chain ganglia
54
What do postganglionic neurons pass back to via grey rami?
Ventral rami
55
What is the overview of nerve plexuses characterized by?
Branching and interconnecting of fibers from ventral rami
56
How many plexuses are there?
Four
57
What are the ventral rami for the cervical plexus?
C1-C5
58
What type of innervation does the cervical plexus provide?
Cutaneous and motor innervation
59
What are the ventral rami for the brachial plexus?
C5-T1
60
What does the lumbar plexus consist of?
T12, L1-L4 ventral rami
61
What is the main function of the lumbar plexus?
Motor and cutaneous innervation to abdomen and thighs
62
What are the ventral rami for the sacral plexus?
L5-S4
63
What does the sacral plexus innervate?
Pelvic floor, gluteal region, posterior thigh, leg, foot
64
Do ventral rami in the thoracic region form a plexus?
No
65
What nerves do T1 and T12 ventral rami contribute to?
Brachial and lumbar plexuses, respectively
66
What do ventral rami in the thoracic region become?
Intercostal and thoracoabdominal nerves

PA Gross Anatomy (6 decks)

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