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PA Gross Anatomy > L5: Circulatory System > Flashcards

L5: Circulatory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the general term for the structures that transport fluids throughout the body?

A

Circulatory system

The circulatory system is divided into the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system.

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2
Q

What are the two main subdivisions of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Pulmonary circulation
  • Systemic circulation
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3
Q

What is the role of pulmonary circulation?

A

Transportation of poorly oxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs for gas exchange

Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium via pulmonary veins.

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4
Q

What is the function of systemic circulation?

A

Transportation of well oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body

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5
Q

What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?

A

Transportation of extracellular fluid, plasma proteins, cellular debris, infectious agents

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6
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels in the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Arteries
  • Veins
  • Capillaries
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7
Q

What is the function of arteries in the circulatory system?

A

Transport blood away from the heart

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8
Q

What is the function of veins in the circulatory system?

A

Transport blood to the heart

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9
Q

What is the primary function of capillaries?

A

Site of exchange (e.g. gas/nutrients/waste)

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10
Q

What are the three tunics of most circulatory vessels?

A
  • Tunica intima
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica adventitia
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11
Q

What is the tunica intima?

A

Thin endothelial lining the lumen of vessels

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12
Q

What is the tunica media?

A

Middle layer of smooth muscle

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13
Q

What is the tunica adventitia?

A

Outer connective tissue coat

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14
Q

How are blood vessels typically named?

A

For the structure(s) they supply or drain

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15
Q

Give an example of a blood vessel named for the structure it supplies.

A

Left gastric artery supplies the stomach

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16
Q

True or False: Arteries and veins that accompany each other often have the same name.

A

True

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17
Q

What often indicates a change in vessel name?

A

Bifurcation (split) or a defined landmark

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18
Q

What does the term trunk refer to in vascular anatomy?

A

A short artery that quickly gives off branches

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19
Q

Give an example of a trunk in the circulatory system.

A

Thyrocervical trunk = thyrocervical artery

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20
Q

Fill in the blank: Variations from the ‘typical’ pattern occur in all vessels, but as a rule, ______ are more variable than arteries.

A

veins

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21
Q

What is the primary function of arteries?

A

Transport blood at high pressure from heart to supply their target(s).

Arteries are responsible for delivering oxygenated blood from the heart to various tissues in the body.

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22
Q

How do the walls and lumens of arteries compare to those of veins?

A

Thicker walls and narrower lumens than accompanying veins.

The structural differences are essential for the high-pressure environment of arteries.

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23
Q

What are the three or four categories of arteries?

A
  1. Large elastic aa.
  2. Medium muscular (distributing) aa.
  3. Small arteries
  4. Arterioles

These categories are based on size and function.

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24
Q

What is the function of large elastic arteries?

A

Receive blood from the heart and include the aorta and branches off the aortic arch.

They have a large amount of elastic tissue in the tunica media.

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25
What allows large elastic arteries to maintain blood pressure?
A large amount of elastic tissue in the tunica media allows these vessels to expand and contract with cardiac output. ## Footnote This elasticity is crucial for accommodating the surge of blood from the heart.
26
What characterizes medium muscular arteries?
Generally smaller than elastic aa. with well-developed walls containing circularly arranged smooth muscle. ## Footnote These arteries are important for distributing blood flow.
27
How do medium muscular arteries regulate blood flow?
Muscular wall facilitates vasoconstriction which regulates blood flow to different parts of the body. ## Footnote This allows for dynamic changes in blood distribution based on physiological needs.
28
Give examples of medium muscular arteries.
e.g. axillary a., femoral a. ## Footnote These are commonly named arteries in the body.
29
What are arterioles?
Even smaller lumen with thick walls that distribute blood to capillary beds. ## Footnote Arterioles play a critical role in regulating blood flow into capillaries.
30
What are anastomoses?
Connections between aa. that provide for collateral circulation. ## Footnote Anastomoses allow for alternative blood flow routes if one pathway is interrupted.
31
Where are anastomoses commonly found?
Around joints, in the abdominal cavity, and other areas where movement can restrict vasculature. ## Footnote This anatomical feature aids in maintaining blood supply during movement.
32
What are terminal (end) arteries?
Lack anastomoses with other vessels and are the sole supply of blood to a specific tissue. ## Footnote Damage to these vessels can lead to serious tissue injury or necrosis.
33
What is vasoconstriction?
Constriction of the smooth muscle in a vessel’s wall that reduces the lumen diameter and increases blood pressure. ## Footnote It is controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
34
What physiological response is associated with vasoconstriction?
Shunts blood away from structures where it is not needed to structures where it is. ## Footnote For example, it helps conserve heat when cold.
35
What is vasodilation?
Relaxation of the smooth muscle in a vessel’s wall that increases the lumen diameter and decreases blood pressure. ## Footnote It is also regulated by the autonomic nervous system.
36
What physiological response is associated with vasodilation?
Moves blood towards the surface thus promoting heat dissipation. ## Footnote This occurs when the body is hot to help regulate temperature.
37
What is the primary function of veins?
Transport blood at low pressure from the body to the heart ## Footnote Veins drain blood back to the heart after it has circulated through the body.
38
How do the walls and lumens of veins compare to those of arteries?
Thinner walls and wider lumens than accompanying arteries ## Footnote This structural difference allows veins to accommodate larger volumes of blood at lower pressure.
39
What role do valves in veins serve?
Prevent retrograde blood flow due to the pull of gravity ## Footnote Particularly important in medium veins located in the limbs and neck.
40
What is the musculovenous pump?
External forces, such as muscle contraction, help propel blood in the venous system towards the heart ## Footnote This mechanism is crucial due to the low pressure in veins and the effect of gravity.
41
What are the three size categories of veins?
Venules, Medium veins, Large veins ## Footnote Each category serves a different function in draining blood from capillaries to the heart.
42
What are venules?
Small unnamed vessels that drain capillaries and form plexuses ## Footnote Venules play a critical role in the transition from capillary to venous circulation.
43
What distinguishes medium veins from other veins?
Drain venous plexuses and typically have the same name as the artery they accompany ## Footnote They often consist of multiple anastomosing channels.
44
What are deep veins?
Medium veins that accompany arteries and are often surrounded by a vascular sheath ## Footnote They work in conjunction with the artery to facilitate venous return.
45
What are superficial veins?
Located in subcutaneous tissue and communicate with deep veins via valved perforating branches ## Footnote They are highly variable, though some like the cephalic and basilic veins are more consistent.
46
What are large veins?
Drain medium veins and typically consist of a singular vessel accompanying an artery with the same name ## Footnote An example is the common iliac vein.
47
What are varicose veins?
Large, dilated, twisted veins resulting from loss of elasticity in venous walls ## Footnote They can occur when the deep fascia becomes incompetent, affecting the musculovenous pump.
48
What is the main function of capillaries?
Site of gas/nutrient exchange between arterial and venous systems ## Footnote Capillaries are crucial for delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues.
49
What are capillary beds?
Networks connecting arterioles and venules ## Footnote They facilitate efficient exchange of substances between blood and tissues.
50
What is the structure of capillaries?
Consist of a single layer of endothelial cells (tunica intima) ## Footnote This thin structure allows for easy diffusion of gases and nutrients.
51
What are arteriovenous anastomoses?
Connections between arterioles and venules prior to a capillary bed ## Footnote They allow for the redirection of arterial blood to the venous system, especially for thermoregulation.
52
Draw the flow of the lymphatic system
53
Label the following
54
Label the following
55
Label the following
56
Label the following
57
What is the portal venous system?
A system in which blood flows through two sets of capillary beds before returning to the systemic circulation
58
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
Provides drainage of excess lymph, which consists of interstitial fluids, proteins, fats, lymphocytes, and potentially pathogens and parasites
59
True or False: The lymphatic system is part of the body’s immune system.
True
60
What are the predictable pathways of lymph passage in the lymphatic system?
1) Intrapulmonary lnn. → 2) Bronchopulmonary lnn. → 3) Tracheobronchial lnn. → 4) Paratracheal lnn. → Bronchomediastinal trunk
61
What do superficial lymphatic vessels eventually drain into?
Deep lymphatic vessels that accompany the major circulatory vessels
62
What are lymphatic plexuses?
Blind ended vessels that collect interstitial fluid and other substances from the extracellular space of most tissues
63
Fill in the blank: ________ are lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine that collect/drain lymph and digested fats.
[Lacteals]
64
How do lymphatic vessels compare to veins?
They are similar to veins but have thinner walls and contain numerous valves to prevent retrograde flow
65
What are lymph nodes?
Small masses of lymphatic tissue through which lymph is filtered
66
What can swelling in lymph nodes indicate?
Infection or cancer
67
What are lymphatic trunks?
Larger vessels that drain numerous lymphatic vessels from a region and unite to form one of the major ducts
68
What does the right lymphatic duct collect?
Lymph from the body's upper right quadrant (right side of head/neck, right thorax above the diaphragm, right arm)
69
Where does the right lymphatic duct enter the venous system?
At the junction of the right internal jugular v. and subclavian v.
70
What does the thoracic duct collect?
Lymph from everywhere not covered by the right lymphatic duct
71
What is the cisterna chyli?
A dilation in the abdomen where the thoracic duct begins
72
Where does the thoracic duct enter the venous system?
At the junction of the left internal jugular v. and subclavian v.
73
What are lymphoid organs responsible for?
Producing, storing, and housing lymphocytes for maturation
74
List some examples of lymphoid organs.
* Lymph nodes * Lymphoid tissue in digestive tract (e.g. Peyer’s patches) * Spleen * Red marrow * Tonsils * Thymus

PA Gross Anatomy (6 decks)

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