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PA Gross Anatomy > Lecture 1: Intro > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Intro Flashcards

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1
Q

What is regional anatomy?

A

Organization of the body into parts with learning of integrated systems within and between each region.

Examples include studying neurovasculature within and between the arm and forearm.

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2
Q

Define systemic anatomy.

A

Organization of the body into organ systems with common functions and properties.

Examples include the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, circulatory, gastrointestinal, urinary, and reproductive systems.

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3
Q

What is the integumentary system composed of?

A

Skin and associated structures such as hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.

It serves major sensory and protective functions.

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4
Q

List the functions of the skeletal system.

A
  • Basic support
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Mineral storage
  • Blood cell formation

Further details are typically covered in L2.

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5
Q

What is the primary function of the muscular system?

A

Provides movement for parts of the body and to propel/expel/control fluids and digested material.

It includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.

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6
Q

What does the nervous system consist of?

A

Central and peripheral systems involving motor and sensory functions, both voluntary and involuntary, and higher order functions.

More information is available in L3 and L4.

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7
Q

What is the circulatory system responsible for?

A

Transporting fluids throughout the body.

It includes cardiovascular (arteries and veins) and lymphatic systems.

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8
Q

Describe the gastrointestinal system.

A

Structures running from the mouth to the anus that serve to ingest, process, digest food and nutrients, and expel waste.

More details can be found in L24 and L25.

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9
Q

What organs make up the urinary system?

A
  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethra

This system filters blood and excretes waste products via urine.

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10
Q

What does the reproductive system consist of?

A

Gonads (ovaries and testes) and associated structures that produce, transport, and facilitate gamete union.

More information is available in L27.

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11
Q

What is clinical anatomy?

A

Applied anatomy that utilizes both regional and systemic approaches in medical fields.

It focuses on the anatomy of both normal and pathological conditions.

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12
Q

Define comparative anatomy.

A

Study of similarities and differences between different organisms to infer relationships, function, and adaptive changes over evolutionary time.

For example, gerbils and kangaroo rats have evolved enlarged auditory bulla independently.

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13
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A

Standardized convention in anatomy where individual is standing vertically with head, eyes, and toes directed anteriorly, and upper limbs by sides with palms facing anteriorly.

Lower limbs are close with feet parallel and toes pointing anteriorly.

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14
Q

What is the median or midsagittal plane?

A

A vertical plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves.

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15
Q

What is the difference between sagittal and parasagittal planes?

A

Sagittal divides the body into unequal right and left halves, while parasagittal refers to any sagittal plane that is not exactly in the middle.

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16
Q

What does the frontal or coronal plane divide?

A

The body into anterior and posterior halves.

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17
Q

What is the transverse plane?

A

A plane that divides the body into superior and inferior halves.

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18
Q

What is an oblique plane?

A

Any plane of section that is not one of the standard anatomical planes.

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19
Q

What does superior or cranial mean?

A

Towards the head

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20
Q

What does inferior or caudal mean?

A

Towards the feet/tail

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21
Q

Define medial.

A

Towards the midline

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22
Q

What does lateral mean?

A

Away from the midline

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23
Q

What is the meaning of anterior or ventral?

A

Towards the front/belly

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24
Q

What does posterior or dorsal refer to?

A

Towards the back/dorsum

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25
In anatomical terms, what does superficial mean?
Towards the surface
26
What does deep indicate in anatomical terms?
Away from the surface
27
Define proximal.
Towards the trunk/origin on a limb
28
What does distal mean?
Away from the trunk/origin on a limb
29
What is the palmer surface?
Anterior (palm) surface of hand
30
Define plantar.
Inferior (sole) surface of foot
31
What does mesial refer to in dental terminology?
Towards the midline where the incisors meet
32
What does distal mean in the context of teeth?
Away from the midline where the incisors meet
33
Define lingual in terms of dental anatomy.
Side of the tooth facing the tongue
34
What does buccal mean?
Side of the tooth (premolars & molars) facing the cheek
35
What is meant by labial?
Side of the tooth (incisors & canines) facing the lips
36
What does occlusal refer to?
Chewing surface of the tooth
37
Define bilateral.
Paired or both sides
38
What does unilateral mean?
Unpaired or one side
39
What does ipsilateral indicate?
On the same side
40
Define contralateral.
On opposite sides
41
What is flexion?
Decreases angle over a joint (e.g. bicep curls) ## Footnote Flexion is a primary movement in many exercises and daily activities.
42
What is plantar flexion?
Bends foot/toes toward the ground (e.g. tippytoes) ## Footnote Plantar flexion is important for actions like standing on tiptoes.
43
What is dorsiflexion?
Bends foot/toes away from the ground (e.g. normal walking) ## Footnote Dorsiflexion is crucial for walking and maintaining balance.
44
What is extension?
Increases angle over a joint (e.g. pointing a finger) ## Footnote Extension is the opposite of flexion.
45
What is abduction?
Moving away from the median plane/structure (e.g. lateral deltoid raise) ## Footnote Abduction is essential for movements that require spreading limbs.
46
In hand movement, what is the midline for digits 2-5?
The third digit ## Footnote This convention helps in understanding how fingers move in relation to one another.
47
In hand movement, where is the midline for the thumb (digit 1)?
Away from the coronal plane ## Footnote This definition is crucial for understanding thumb abduction.
48
In foot movement, what is the midline?
The second digit ## Footnote This helps in analyzing foot abduction and adduction.
49
What is adduction?
Moving toward the median plane/structure ## Footnote Adduction is the opposite of abduction.
50
What is opposition in terms of thumb movement?
Pad of 1st digit (thumb) is brought into contact with another digit ## Footnote Opposition is a unique ability of the thumb that allows for grip.
51
What is lateral flexion?
Lateral bending – special form of abduction of neck and trunk (e.g. tilting head to the right) ## Footnote Lateral flexion is important in many physical activities and exercises.
52
What is circumduction?
Combination of flexion/extension & abduction/adduction (e.g. swing arms in a circle) ## Footnote Circumduction allows for a circular movement of a limb.
53
What is rotation?
Movement along a longitudinal axis (e.g. rotating your head to the right) ## Footnote Rotation is key in many sports and activities.
54
What is medial rotation?
Anterior surface of limb moves medially ## Footnote Medial rotation is common in many joint movements.
55
What is pronation?
Special term for medial rotation of forearm/hand ## Footnote Pronation is often discussed in the context of wrist and forearm movements.
56
What is lateral rotation?
Anterior surface of limb moves laterally ## Footnote Lateral rotation is important for various athletic movements.
57
What is supination?
Special term for lateral rotation of forearm/hand ## Footnote Supination is the opposite of pronation.
58
What is inversion?
Moving sole of the foot inward/medially ## Footnote Inversion is common in ankle movements.
59
What is eversion?
Moving sole of the foot outward/laterally ## Footnote Eversion is important for balance and stability.
60
What is elevation?
Moving a part superiorly (e.g. shrugging shoulders) ## Footnote Elevation is a movement seen in various exercises.
61
What is depression?
Moving a part inferiorly ## Footnote Depression is often paired with elevation.
62
What is protraction?
Moving a part anteriorly ## Footnote Protraction is commonly used in shoulder movements.
63
What is protrusion?
Term for protraction used for structures like the chin/tongue ## Footnote Protrusion helps in understanding facial movements.
64
What is retraction?
Moving a part posteriorly ## Footnote Retraction is the opposite of protraction.
65
What is retrusion?
Term for retraction used for structures like the chin/tongue ## Footnote Retrusion clarifies movements of the chin.
66
What is anatomical variation?
Anatomical variation refers to the natural differences in human anatomy that occur in many forms.
67
What does sexual dimorphism refer to?
Variation between the sexes in sexually reproducing organisms.
68
What is ontogenetic variation?
Variation and changes seen throughout growth and development.
69
Define idiosyncratic variation.
Natural variation between individuals even when holding other factors constant.
70
True or False: There is a single 'textbook' human anatomy.
False
71
In this class, what will we primarily learn about anatomical variation?
The mode of anatomical variation frequencies.
72
Fill in the blank: Some structures are so inherently variable that even the most frequent presentation may rarely be encountered; for example, _______.
[veins]
73
What is a key characteristic of veins in relation to anatomical variation?
Veins do what they want, indicating high variability.

PA Gross Anatomy (2 decks)

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