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PA Gross Anatomy > Lecture 2: Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the largest organ of the integumentary system?

A

Skin

The skin is the body’s largest organ, playing a crucial role in protection and regulation.

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2
Q

List the layers of the skin from superficial to deep.

A
  • Epidermis
  • Dermis
  • Superficial fascia (Hypodermis)

These layers each have distinct functions and structures, contributing to the skin’s overall role.

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3
Q

What is the composition of the superficial fascia (Hypodermis)?

A

Loose connective tissue & fat

This layer provides fat storage and varies in thickness across different parts of the body.

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4
Q

What does the superficial fascia (Hypodermis) contain?

A
  • Deepest parts of skin
  • Glands
  • Lymphatics
  • Neurovascular structures

This layer is crucial for housing various important biological structures.

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5
Q

What is deep fascia composed of?

A

Dense, organized connective tissue devoid of fat

Deep fascia plays a vital role in supporting and compartmentalizing muscles.

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6
Q

Where is deep fascia found in relation to superficial fascia?

A

Deep to overlying superficial fascia

This positioning allows deep fascia to perform its supportive functions effectively.

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7
Q

What is investing fascia?

A

Fascia that invests (surrounds/covers) muscles & neurovascular bundles

This type of fascia provides structural support and organization to muscle groups.

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8
Q

What are intermuscular septa?

A

Structures that divide muscles into groups or compartments

They help to organize muscles functionally and mechanically.

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9
Q

What are fascial planes?

A

Found between individual muscles

These planes facilitate movement and reduce friction between muscles.

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10
Q

What is subserous fascia?

A

Fascia located between deep fascia & serous membranes

This layer plays a role in protecting internal organs and allowing for movement.

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11
Q

What are retinacula?

A

Bands of thickened deep fascia that stabilize and hold tendons in place during movement

Retinacula are essential for proper tendon function and joint stability.

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12
Q

What are the two regions of the skeletal system?

A

Axial skeleton and Appendicular skeleton

Axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum. Appendicular skeleton includes limb elements such as pectoral and pelvic girdles.

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13
Q

What components make up the skeletal system?

A

Cartilage and bone

Cartilage is avascular and semirigid, while bone is vascularized and rigid.

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14
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Avascular, semirigid connective tissue that provides some flexibility

Cartilage is not innervated and has limited ability for repair.

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15
Q

What type of cartilage covers articulating surfaces of bones in synovial joints?

A

Articular cartilage

Articular cartilage is a form of hyaline cartilage that reduces friction during movement.

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16
Q

List the other forms of cartilage.

A
  • Fibrocartilage
  • Elastic cartilage

Fibrocartilage is found in intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis, while elastic cartilage is found in the epiglottis and pinna of the ear.

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17
Q

What is bone?

A

Vascularized, rigid connective tissue

Bone is innervated and metabolically active, remodeling throughout life.

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18
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Dense fibrous connective tissue that surrounds bone

The periosteum nourishes bone, allows for remodeling, and serves as an anchor for muscle attachment.

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19
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A
  • Support and protection of body cavities and vital structures
  • Provides scaffolding for muscle movement
  • Mineral storage
  • Houses bone marrow

Bone marrow produces red and white blood cells and platelets.

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20
Q

What are the two types of bone based on material amount?

A
  • Compact (cortical) bone
  • Spongy (cancellous or trabecular) bone

Compact bone is dense and forms a thin outer layer, while spongy bone has a honeycomb appearance formed by trabeculae.

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21
Q

Where is compact bone thicker?

A

In weightbearing bones/areas

An example is the shaft of the femur.

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22
Q

Where is spongy bone prominent?

A

In vertebral bodies and long bone epiphyses

Spongy bone is characterized by its trabecular structure.

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23
Q

What are long bones?

A

Tubular structures where length > width (e.g. femur, humerus, metacarpals)

Long bones have distinct features such as epiphysis, diaphysis, and medullary cavity.

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24
Q

What is the epiphysis of long bones?

A

End cap of long bones containing trabecular bone covered by cortical bone

The epiphysis is crucial for joint articulation.

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25
Define diaphysis.
Body or shaft of bone consisting primarily of cortical bone ## Footnote The diaphysis is the long central part of a long bone.
26
What is the medullary cavity?
Hollow space in center of long bones that stores bone marrow ## Footnote The medullary cavity plays a key role in blood cell production.
27
What are short bones?
Cuboidal bones found in the wrist and ankles ## Footnote Short bones provide stability and support with little movement.
28
Describe flat bones.
Consisting of two thin plates of cortical bone with trabecular bone in between (e.g. neurocranium, ribs, scapula) ## Footnote Flat bones serve protective functions and provide large areas for muscle attachment.
29
What are irregular bones?
Grab bag of bones with various other shapes not listed above (e.g. vertebra, os coxae, bones of the face) ## Footnote Irregular bones are unique in shape and function.
30
Define sesamoid bones.
Bones that develop in tendons that protect against wear and can improve performance via changing the angle of attachment ## Footnote An example of a sesamoid bone is the patella.
31
What is a condyle?
Rounded area of articulation ## Footnote Condyles are often found at the ends of long bones.
32
Define epicondyle.
Eminence superior to a condyle (G. epi = upon, over, above) ## Footnote Epicondyles serve as attachment points for ligaments and tendons.
33
What is a crest in bone terminology?
Ridge of bone ## Footnote Crests are prominent features often serving as muscle attachment sites.
34
Define line in bone markings.
Linear elevation ## Footnote Lines are less prominent than crests but still serve as muscle attachment points.
35
What is a tuberosity/tubercle?
Raised eminence of bone typically serving as a site of muscle attachment ## Footnote These structures are important for muscle leverage.
36
What is a malleolus?
Rounded prominence ## Footnote Malleoli are commonly found at the ends of the tibia and fibula.
37
Define protuberance.
Low rounded projection ## Footnote Protuberances can serve various purposes, including muscle attachment.
38
What is a trochanter?
Large blunt elevation on femur ## Footnote Trochanters are essential for muscle attachment on the thigh.
39
Define process in bone terminology.
Projecting thorn-like extension ## Footnote Processes can serve various functions including muscle and ligament attachment.
40
What is a facet?
Smooth, flat area of articulation ## Footnote Facets are critical for joint movement.
41
Define foramen.
Hole through which a structure passes (e.g. neurovascular bundle) ## Footnote Foramina are essential for the passage of nerves and blood vessels.
42
What is a fossa?
Shallow depression ## Footnote Fossae often serve as sites for articulation with other bones.
43
Define notch.
Indentation on bone ## Footnote Notches can accommodate other structures or serve as points of articulation.
44
What is bone ossification?
All bone develops from embryonic connective tissue called mesenchyme via one of two pathways ## Footnote Ossification is critical for bone formation and growth.
45
What is intermembranous ossification?
Bone models consisting of mesenchymal cells develop osteoblasts (bone forming cells) which begin direct ossification ## Footnote Found in cranial vault, facial bones, most of the clavicle.
46
Define endochondral ossification.
Mesenchymal cells first develop into chondroblasts (cartilage forming cells) that form a cartilaginous bone model with ossification occurring later at several points ## Footnote This process is common in long bone development.
47
What is the primary ossification center?
Initiated by vascular periosteal bud along the diaphysis ## Footnote This center is crucial for the development of long bones.
48
Define metaphysis.
Flared portion of the diaphysis near the epiphysis ## Footnote The metaphysis is involved in the growth of long bones.
49
What are secondary ossification centers?
Initiated via epiphyseal arteries entering various parts of the epiphyses ## Footnote These centers contribute to the growth and shaping of bones.
50
What are epiphysial plates?
Hyaline cartilage plates between the epiphysis and diaphysis allowing for longitudinal growth (i.e. lengthening) – forms epiphyseal line at fusion (cessation of growth) ## Footnote Epiphysial plates are critical for bone growth during childhood.
51
What is a joint?
Point of articulation between two or more rigid components
52
What are the three general types of joints?
* Fibrous joints * Cartilaginous joints * Synovial joints
53
Define fibrous joints.
Articulating bones connected by fibrous tissue, membrane, or interosseous ligament
54
What is a suture in terms of fibrous joints?
Often interlocking bones united by fibrous tissue (e.g. cranial sutures)
55
What characterizes a syndesmosis joint?
United by a fibrous sheet or ligament – partially movable (e.g. interosseous membrane in forearm)
56
What is a gomphosis joint?
Anchor tooth roots in an alveolus via short periodontal ligaments
57
Define cartilaginous joints.
United via either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
58
What is a synchondrosis?
Primary cartilaginous joint united by hyaline cartilage (e.g. epiphysial plates)
59
What is a symphysis?
Secondary cartilaginous joint united by fibrocartilage (e.g. intervertebral discs)
60
What are synovial joints?
Most common type of joint consisting of a fibrous joint capsule lined with a synovial membrane
61
What does the synovial cavity contain?
Synovial fluid which lubricates the articular cartilage covering the bones
62
List the types of synovial joints.
* Pivot (e.g. atlanto-axial joint) * Ball and socket (e.g. hip joint) * Plane (e.g. acromioclavicular joint) * Hinge (e.g. elbow joint) * Saddle (thumb carpometacarpal joint) * Condyloid (metacarpophalangeal joint)
63
Fill in the blank: A _______ joint allows for rotation around a single axis.
[pivot]
64
True or False: Ball and socket joints allow for the most range of motion.
True
65
Fill in the blank: The _______ joint is an example of a hinge joint.
[elbow]
66
True or False: Fibrous joints are typically movable.
False
67
What are the three types of muscles?
Smooth muscle, Cardiac muscle, Striated (skeletal) muscle ## Footnote These three types differ in structure, function, and control mechanisms.
68
What is a key characteristic of smooth muscle?
Lack microscopic striations ## Footnote This feature distinguishes it from striated muscles.
69
How is smooth muscle classified in terms of control?
Involuntary muscle (autonomic nervous system) ## Footnote It operates without conscious control.
70
Where is smooth muscle typically located?
Walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, ducts, skin, and eye ## Footnote Examples include intestines and ureters.
71
What is a defining feature of cardiac muscle?
Striated ## Footnote This striation is similar to that of skeletal muscle.
72
What type of muscle is cardiac muscle classified as?
Involuntary muscle with specialized intrinsic conduction system ## Footnote This system is modulated by the autonomic nervous system.
73
Where is cardiac muscle found?
In the heart ## Footnote It is essential for pumping blood.
74
What is a defining characteristic of striated (skeletal) muscle?
Voluntary muscle (somatic nervous system) ## Footnote This allows for conscious control of movement.
75
Where is striated (skeletal) muscle located?
Limbs, trunk, head, neck, etc. ## Footnote It is the most common type of muscle in the body.
76
What are the two portions of striated muscle?
Fleshy contractile portion and noncontractile portion ## Footnote The fleshy part is often referred to as the head or belly, while the noncontractile part is a tendon or aponeurosis.
77
In muscle anatomy, what is the fixed attachment site called?
Origin ## Footnote This is typically more proximal.
78
What is the mobile attachment site of a muscle called?
Insertion ## Footnote This is generally more distal.
79
How are skeletal muscles in the limbs organized?
Into muscle groups via fascial compartments ## Footnote These groups generally have similar actions, innervations, and attachments.
80
What do many muscle names describe?
Size, length, depth, shape, form, attachment, function ## Footnote This nomenclature helps in identifying the muscles' characteristics.
81
Give an example of a muscle named for its size.
Gluteus maximus muscle ## Footnote The name indicates it is the largest of the gluteal muscles.
82
What does the name 'Palmaris longus' indicate about the muscle?
It is long and related to the palm ## Footnote The term 'longus' signifies its length.
83
What does 'Flexor digitorum profundus' indicate about its depth?
It is a deep flexor of the digits ## Footnote 'Profund' means deep in Latin.
84
What shape does the 'Piriformis muscle' refer to?
Pear-shaped ## Footnote 'Piri' in Latin translates to pear.
85
What does 'Biceps femoris' mean in terms of muscle structure?
It has two heads of attachment on the femur ## Footnote 'Bi' means two in Latin.
86
What does 'Levator scapulae' indicate about its function?
It is a lifter of the scapula ## Footnote 'Levator' is derived from the Latin word for lifter.
87
True or False: If a muscle has an antithesis term, there is often a corresponding muscle named for it.
True ## Footnote For example, Flexor digitorum superficialis vs Flexor digitorum profundus.

PA Gross Anatomy (2 decks)

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