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Medical Microbiology > L7: Epidemiology > Flashcards

L7: Epidemiology Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

The epidemiologic triad is a pattern of interaction between: ____, _____, and ____

A

1) susceptible HOST
2) agent
3) environment

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2
Q

True or False: Getting a microbe via kissing or interacting with in animal is a type of direct contact

A

True

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3
Q

What’s the difference between a biological and mechanical vector?

A

Biological vector: involves part of the pathogen lifecycle ; transmission via saliva or feces

Mechanical vector: passive transport of a pathogen on a vector’s body

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4
Q

True or False: The chain of transmission is: source for agent => portal of exit => mode of transmission => portal of entry

A

True

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5
Q

A continual source of infection is called a ____ of infection

A

reservoir

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6
Q

Human reservoirs are people who…..

A

1) have a disease
2) carry a pathogenic microorganism

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7
Q

____ are disease that affect wild and domestic animals and can be transmitted to humans

A

Zoonoses

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8
Q

True or False: Soil can be a non-living reservoir of C. botulinum, C. tetani, or fungi

A

True

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9
Q

True or False: Improperly prepared or stored foods can be nonliving reservoirs

A

True

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10
Q

Respiratory route, saliva, GI, skin to skin, blood-borne are examples of:
A. Vertical Spread
B. Horizontal Spread

A

B. Horizontal Spread

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11
Q

What is the most common and most difficult to control form of horizontal transmission?

A

Respiratory route

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12
Q

In the respiratory route of horizontal transmission, the ___ is equal to the ___

A

Po exit = Po entry

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13
Q

True or False: The larger a droplet nuclei (respiratory secretion or droplet), the longer it remains suspended in the air for longer than 20 minutes and can penetrate and attach to upper/lower respiratory tract

A

False - the SMALLER droplets remain suspended in the air for ~20 minutes

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14
Q

Which type of infectious disease is not transmitted (or at least not routinely transmitted) from person to person?

A

Non-communicable infectious disease

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15
Q

How can a non-communicable disease arise from one’s normal flora?

A

Aspiration of normal flora can lead to pneumonia

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16
Q

Provide an example of an environmental pathogens that can cause a non-communicable disease.

Provide an example of a zoonoses that can cause a non-communicable disease.

A

Environmental = Tetanus

Zoonoses = Rabies

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17
Q

Communicable disease are those transmissible from person to person. What are the three routes by which a disease can be spread person to person? Which is the most common?

A

1) Horizontal Spread - most common!
2) Vertical Spread
3) Zoonotic Spread

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18
Q

Which four conditions can be spread via salivary horizontal transmission?

A

EBV
Oral/genital herpes
CMV
Rabies

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19
Q

What are two horizontal routes by which GI pathogens can spread?

A

1) Fecal-oral route
2) Aerosolized vomitus

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20
Q

Which two microbes can be horizontally transmitted via: aerosolized vomitus?

A

H. pylori
Norovirus

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21
Q

True or False: Compromised skin allows for more pathogen access

A

True

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22
Q

True or False: Staph and Strep can be transmitted via: skin to skin contact

A

True

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23
Q

True or False: Herpes, HPV, and Dematophytoses can be transmitted via skin to skin contact

24
Q

Which two conditions are anthropod-borne (blood borne)?

Study These Flashcards
A

Lyme disease (tick = vector)
Malaria (mosquito = vector)

25
Which two pathogens can be transmitted from human to human via BOTH blood and body fluids?
1) Hep B/C 2) HIV
26
Which mode of horizontal transmission is helminth (pin worm) typically acquired via? A. Eye to Eye B. Fomites C. Genital D. Autoinoculation
D. Autoinoculation
27
HIV and CMV can be transmitted to a child via vertical transmission during: A. transplacentally B. parturition C. breastfeeding
C. breastfeeding
28
Gonococcal conjunctivitis and Strep B can be transmitted to a child via vertical transmission during: A. transplacentally B. parturition C. breastfeeding
B. parturition
29
True or False: HIV can be passed to child transplacentally
False - rubella virus can be transmitted this way
30
___: infections spread from their natural reservoirs (often mammalian) to humans
Zoonosis
31
True or False: Zoonosis can occur via direct transmission or through a vector
True - Direct transmission (rabies) - Vector (tick/lyme)
32
Human to human spread from an initial zoonotic index can also occur, as in the case of ____
pneumonic plague
33
____: the indirect effect of protection from infection of otherwise susceptible members of the population and, by extension, population as a whole as a result of presence of immune people
Herd Immunity
34
True or False: Sufficient herd immunity can be a firewall to spread of an infection
True
35
What three factors affect herd immunity?
1) Speed of spread - attack rate 2) Host Factors - past exposure? immunized? 3) Environment - hygiene
36
What are three examples of immunity leading to herd immunity?
1. Mumps 2. Measles 3. Pertussis - Both of the first two had high attack rates
37
Which type of epidemic indicates: person to person spread or communicable disease?
Propagating epidemic
38
What's the difference between a sporatic and pandemic?
Sporadic is ocassional cases at irregular intervals in random locations Pandemic is global
39
_____: epidemic and endemic zoonoses, respectively
Epizootic and enzootic
40
Which period of disease is critical for building a differential diagnoses and rule in/out potential sources of infection?
Incubation period
41
What is a benefit of prolonged incubation periods?
Offers the opportunity for immunoprophylaxis or chemoprophylaxis (rabies, tetanus)
42
_____: defined as the time between exposure to a pathogen and the appearance of the first signs and symptoms of disease
Incubation period
43
___ has an incubation period of 1-2 days while _____ has an incubation period of 7-15 years A. Norovirus B. Rubella C. Creutzfeldt-Jakob
Norovirus; Creutzfeldt-Jakob
44
How does a higher inoculation dose affect the length of the incubation period?
Higher dose means shorter IP
45
How does a faster replication time of an organism affect the length of the incubation period?
Fast replication means shorter IP
46
If the site of inoculation is closer to the target tissue, the incubation periods will be ____
shorter
47
Diseases are classified by ___ of occurence
frequency
48
_____ are important considerations in build a differential diagnosis for an infectious disease. Also helps to identify populations at risk.
Risk factors
49
_____: the occurrence of new cases during the time period being examined A. Morbidity B. Mortality rate C. Prevalence/Point prevalence D. Incidence/Incidence Rate
D. Incidence/Incidence Rate
50
True or False: As incidence increases, so does the probability of getting the disease
True
51
True or False: Incidence can increased within certain seasons
True
52
____: total number of cases (old and new) in a population in a defined period A. morbidity B. mortality rate C. prevalence
C. prevalence
53
____: total # of deaths in a population due to given disease ____: total # of persons afflicted with infectious disease
Mortality Rate Morbidity
54
Which disease show prevalence (2001) and seasonality (summer)?
Lyme
55
_____: the presence of (or rate of) an infection or disease in a population - a constant
Endemic/endemicity/endemic rate
56
____: a statistically significant increase above the endemic rate of a disease
Epidemic
57
What are the three type of epidemics?
1) Common source 2) Point source 3) Progressive/propagative

Medical Microbiology (31 decks)

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