Lab 1

Question 1

lateral

Answer 1

on the side, towards the side

Question 2

medial

Answer 2

is at or towards the middle

Question 3

dorsal/superior

Answer 3

on top, in the brain and head only

Question 4

ventral/inferior

Answer 4

on the bottom, in the brain and head only

Question 5

midline

Answer 5

directly in the middle of the brain in-between the two hemispheres

Question 6

coronal

Answer 6

perpendicular to sagittal plane
- divides front from back

Question 7

sagittal

Answer 7

plane through midline
- divides the left from the right

Question 8

midsagittal

Answer 8

plane is the line through the exact middle

Question 9

horizontal

Answer 9

axial (transverse)
- divides the brain top to bottom

Question 10

meninges

Answer 10

protective coverings which enclose the brain and spinal cord

Question 11

dura mater

Answer 11

tough outer layer

Question 12

arachnoid mater

Answer 12

middle layer

Question 13

pia mater

Answer 13

inner layer
- follows the gyri and sulci

Question 14

gyri

Answer 14

bumps

Question 15

sulcus

Answer 15

grooves

Question 16

brain stem function

Answer 16

controls breathing, swallowing, heart rate, blood pressure, and wakefulness
- made up of the medulla, pons, and midbrain

Question 17

infundibular stalk/infundibulum

Answer 17

where the pituitary gland was attached to the brain

Question 18

pituitary gland

Answer 18

part of the endocrine system, produces hormones that control metabolism, growth, sexual function, sleep, and mood

Question 19

olfactory bulbs

Answer 19

involved in the sense of smell and are much larger in animals compared to humans

Question 20

Path that visual information takes

Answer 20

optic nerve —> optic chiasm —> optic tract —> visual cortex

Question 21

mammillary bodies

Answer 21

part of the limbic system and play a role in memory

Question 22

cerebrum

Answer 22

the most superior/dorsal and largest region of the CNS containing the cerebral cortex (of the two cerebral hemispheres), as well as several subcortical “deep brain” structures
- cerebrum is subdivided into lobes with specialized functions
- as a whole it is responsible for controlling voluntary actions, emotions, hearing, vision, personality, and much. more

Question 23

cerebellum

Answer 23

• “little brain”
• overlies the brainstem and sits just below the cerebrum
• plays an important role in motor control and cognitive functions such as attention, language, and emotional responses

Question 24

longitudinal fissure

Answer 24

runs down the midline of the brain and separates the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

Question 25

spinal cord location

Answer 25

lies caudal to the brainstem (brainstem is visible on the ventral side of the brain)

Question 26

ventricles

Answer 26

part of the ventricular system that circulates the cerebrospinal fluid throughout the brain and spinal cord

Question 27

pineal gland

Answer 27

part of the endocrine system and produces melatonin, which helps maintain circadian rhythm and regulates reproductive hormones

Question 28

inferior and superior colliculi

Answer 28

form the tectum which is part of the midbrain (mesencephalon) involved in vision and hearing)

Question 29

corpus callosum

Answer 29

a large band of myelinated axon fibers that cross from one side of the brain to the other, joining the two hemispheres of the brain

Question 30

caudate nucleus

Answer 30

a deep brain structure that is part of the basal ganglia that plays a role in motor functions, learning, and reward systems

Question 31

putamen

Answer 31

a deep brain structure that is part of the basal ganglia that plays a role in regulating various stages of movement (preparation, execution, etc.) and also influences various types of learning

Question 32

optic chiasm

Answer 32

the x-shaped structure formed at the point below the brain where the two optic nerves cross over each other

Question 33

lateral ventricles

Answer 33

the two largest cavities of the ventricular system of the brain and contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - each cerebral hemisphere contains one lateral ventricle, known as the left or right ventricle, respectively - each lateral ventricle resembles a C-shaped structure that begins in the temporal lobe, travels through the parietal lobe and frontal lobe, and ultimately terminates where it connects to the single, central third ventricle

Question 34

globus pallidus

Answer 34

a deep brain structure that is part of the basal ganglia that plays a role in the regulation of voluntary movement

Question 35

the internal cpsule

Answer 35

a large white matter structure that contains both ascending and descending axons, going to and coming from the cerebral cortex and relay through the thalamus - its tracts run in between several basal ganglia structures separating the caudate nucleus from the putamen and the globus pallidus

Question 36

optic tracts (OT)

Answer 36

part of the visual system in the brain and are the posterior continuation of the optic nerves after the medial (temporal lobe) fibers decussate at the optic chiasm

Question 37

thalamus

Answer 37

a deep brain structure that is part of the diencephalon that is a sensory and motor signal relay to and from the cortex and plays a role in the regulation of consciousness and sleep

Question 38

hypothalamus

Answer 38

a deep brain structure that is part of the diencephalon that produces many of its functions by signaling to the pituitary gland - together they control the endocrine system

Question 39

endocrine system

Answer 39

plays a role in the regulation of body temperature, thirst, sleep/wake cycle, hunger, sexual behaviors, heart rate, blood pressure, and more

Question 40

mamilllary bodies

Answer 40

a pair of small round bodies, located on the undersurface of the brain - act as a relay for information coming from the amygdala and hippocampus, via the mamillo-thalamic tract to the thalamus - play a role in memory recollection/retrieval

Question 41

hippocampus

Answer 41

located within the brain’s medial temporal lobe; associated primarily with memory, in particular the transfer or short-term (working) memory to long-term memory - plays an important role in spatial memory and navigation

Question 42

third ventricle

Answer 42

one of four connected fluid-filled cavities comprising the ventricular system in the brain - located directly in the midline diencephalong directly between the left and right thalamus, and is filled with CSF - running through the third ventricle is the interthalamic adhesion, which connects the two thalami from either side of the brain to form the structure of the third ventricle in between them

Question 43

cerebral aqueduct

Answer 43

part of the ventricular system located within the mesencephalon (or midbrain) and contains CSF - connects the third ventricle in the diencephalon to the fourth ventricle within the region of the mesnecephalon and metencephalon, above the cerebellum

Question 44

superior colliculi

Answer 44

a paired structure in the midbrain - part of the tectum - the two superior colliculi sit below the thalamus and surround the pineal gland in the midbrain - comprises the dorsal aspect (or “roof”) of the midbrain above the cerebral aqueduct

Question 45

fourth ventricle

Answer 45

one of the four connected CSF-filled cavities within the brain - characteristic diamond shape in sagittal sections - CSF entering the fourth ventricle from the cerebral aqueduct exits the ventricular system into the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord - has a roof dorsally formed by the cerebellum, a floor ventrally formed by the pons, and upper half of the medulla, and side walls formed by the cerebellar peduncies

Question 46

cerebellum

Answer 46

unconsciously monitoring and correcting motor control of muscles for smooth and coordinated movement

Question 47

insular cortex functions

Answer 47

-sensory processing -feelings and emotions -motor control -risk prediction -decision-making -bodily self-awareness -complex social functions like empathy