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Neurosci 102 Summer ‘24 > Lecture 6.2 > Flashcards

Lecture 6.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

limbic system 3 main functions

A
  1. controls endocrine system (hypothalamus)
  2. involved in memory encoding and retrieval (hippocampus)
  3. integrates and produces homeostatic responses to environmental stimulus (cortex)
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2
Q

what does the limbic system control about the endocrine system

A

influences many aspects of emotional behavior (fear, anger, sexual behavior, appetite and eating behavior, sleep, addiction and motivation, social cognition)

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3
Q

how are the three functions of the limbic system related

A

in order to have an appropriate emotional response (amygdala) to environmental stimuli we need to be able to store and retrieve memories of our previous experiences

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4
Q

other names for limbic lobe

A

cingulate cortex/cingulate gyrus

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5
Q

Broca’s contribution to discovery of limbic system

A

pointed out horseshoe shaped circular rim of cortex that surrounded the junction between the diencephalon and cerebral hemispheres
- based on anatomical, not functional specifications

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6
Q

James Papez’s contribution to limbic system discovery

A

proposed that there is an emotional system that links the cortex to the hypothalamus where the type and intensity of emotion is determined by the activity of the cingulate cortex and expression of the emotion is governed by endocrine system

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7
Q

Papez circuit

A
  1. cingulate cortex projects to hippocampus
  2. which projects to the hypothalamus
  3. which projects to the thalamus
  4. which projects back to cingulate cortex
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8
Q

limbic system role in emotion and cognition

A
  • integrates emotional states with cognitive processes
  • involved in the regulation of emotional responses, formation and retrieval of memories, decision-making, and social interactions
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9
Q

limbic system integration with other brain regions

A
  • highly interconnected with other brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex, sensory cortices, and brainstem
  • allows for a complex interplay between emotional, cognitive, and physiology processes
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10
Q

limbic system network perspective

A
  • functional network more than a distinct anatomical entity
  • components participate in broader neural circuits that support a range of behaviors, from emotional regulation to cognitive functions
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11
Q

core limbic system structures

A
  1. limbic cortex (limbic lobe/cingulate gyrus)
  2. hippocampus
  3. amygdala
  4. prefrontal cortex
  5. mammillary bodies
  6. hypothalamus
  7. septal nuclei
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12
Q

current view on limbic system

A
  1. no single neural system produces all emotional states
  2. different emotions depending on on different neural circuits but they all converge in the cortex for higher processing/awareness
  3. limbic system translates sensory data from cortex into motivational forces that produce human behaviors
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13
Q

what is the “ring” of cortex tissue associated with limbic function

A

cingulate, parahippocampal, & entorhinal cortex

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14
Q

how does limbic system connect pre-frontal/association cortex and lower limbic structures

A

2-way communication to control behavioral responses

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15
Q

what does ablation of some limbic cortex areas result in

A

persistent changes in an animal’s behavior

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16
Q

hippocampus role

A

encoding & consolidating info from short-term to long-term memory, memory retrieval, and spatial memory/nav

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17
Q

what does the hippocampus consist of

A

hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus

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18
Q

where does the hippocampal gray matter lie

A

on the floor of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle

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19
Q

what is the alveus formed by

A

formed of axons leaving the hippocampus along the surface of the hippocampus that form the fornix

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20
Q

what is the fimbria formed by

A

axons of the alveus coming together to form a larger white matter tract called the fimbria

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21
Q

what is the fornix formed by

A

the fimbria from the left and right hemispheres come together at the commissure to form an even larger white matter tract called fornix

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22
Q

fornix

A

C-shaped bundle of white matter fibers that arise from neurons in the hippocampus and are its major output tracts
- carries some afferent tracts into the hippocampus from the diencephalon and forebrain

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23
Q

what does cutting the fornix result in in humans

A

memory loss
- some debate over what type of memory is affected, but typically it’s episodic father than semantic or spatial knowledge

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24
Q

major white matter output from hippocampus

A

fornix

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25
hippocampus axons projection path
alveus —> fimbria —> fornix
26
hippocampul commissure
part of the fornix that transmits information from either side of the brain - bridge between the hemispheres
27
what does the parahippocampal gyrus contain
entorhinal cortex
28
entorhinal cortex function
provides most of the input to the hypothalamus
29
hippocampal formation
hippocampus (dentate gyrus + CA1 to CA4 - where neuron cell bodies are located), the entorhinal cortex, and the rest of the parahippocampal gyrus
30
perforant path
the primary source of external input to the hippocampus from the entorhinal cortex
31
what role does the entorhinal cortex-hippocampus system play
declarative (autobiographical/episodic) memory and spatial memory formation, consolidation, and optimization during sleep
32
where do the hippocampal outputs reach
amygdala, mammillary bodies, thalamus, hypothalamus, and the cingulate and frontal cortex
33
two distinct divisions of hippocampus
dorsal/posterior hippocampus, ventral/anterior hippocampus
34
dorsal/hippocampus main functions
- spatial learning and memory - context encoding - place memory
35
ventral/anterior hippocampus main functions
- emotional behaviors - stress response system - HPA axis negative feedback
36
hippocampal place cells
specialized neurons in the dorsal hippocampus, mainly CA1 and CA3 that play a crucial role in spatial memory and navigation
37
which cells are associated with encoding the “cognitive map” of an environment
place cells
38
when do place cells increase their firing rate
when an animal is in a particular location that corresponds to their place field
39
when do place fields form
when an animal is introduced to a new environment
40
how does the size of hippocampal place fields change
increases dramatically from the dorsal region to the ventral hippocampus
41
declarative or explicit memory
a form of long-term memory used to recall everyday facts and knowledge
42
spatial memory
a part of declarative/explicit memory for recalling locations
43
episodic memory
a part of declarative/explicit memory for recalling events
44
semantic memory
a part of of declarative/explicit memory for recalling facts
45
procedural/implicit memory
a part of long-term memory: previous experiences help the performance of a task without conscious awareness
46
what functions is procedural/implicit memory associated with
- skills and habits - emotional associations - conditioned reflexes
47
retrograde amnesia
cannot remember events prior to brain damage
48
anterograde amnesia
cannot remember events that occur after brain damage
49
functions associated with amygdala
- social interactions - anxiety - aggression - fear - addiction/emotional rewards
50
what does the amygdala respond to
emotionally salient stimuli
51
three groups of amygdala
- basolateral nuclei (BLA) - central nuclei (CEA) - medial nuclei (MEA)
52
basolateral nuclei function
communicated bi-directionally w/ brain regions affecting cognition, motivation, and stress responses including prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens and hindbrain regions
53
central nuclei function
connections with hypothalamus and periaqueductal gray controlling body’s physiological emotional response
54
medial nuclei function
interconnected with olfactory system; associated with olfactory memory, social behavior, aggression
55
valence meaning
emotional value associated with a stimulus, which can be positive (rewarding) or negative (threatening)
56
which part of amygdala encodes emotional valence of stimuli
basolateral amygdala
57
where does the basolateral amygdala send out projections to in order to stimulate approach or defensive behaviors
nucleus accumbens (reward/approach/pleasure), central amygdala (defensive reaction/threat avoidance), ventral hippocampus (anxiety behaviors)
58
what kind of memory does the amygdala activity affect
episodic autobiographical (EAM) memory - encodes, stores, and retrieves EAM memories
59
what does amygdala valence coding do
emotionally “charge” cues so that events of a specific emotional significance can be more rapidly retrieved
60
how is the amygdala connected to the hippocampus
strengthens learning and memory in the hippocampus
61
which kinds of memories are better remembered than others
negative memories > positive memories > neurtral memories
62
how can PTSD result
amygdala-enhanced memories as a result of traumatic experience
63
pre-encounter threat imminence
increased predator potential
64
pre-encounter state
anxiety
65
pre-encounter antecedent stimuli
past experiences w/ predation or threates
66
pre-encounter consequent behaviors
- stretched approach - alterations in meal patterns - retreat to next
67
pre-encounter neuroanatomy
- prefrontal cortex - ventral - hippocampus
68
post-encounter threat imminence
predator deteccted
69
post-encounter state
fear
70
post-encounter antecedent stimuli
detection of a predator or imminent threat
71
post-encounter consequent behaviors
- freezing - thigmotaxix
72
post-encounter neuroanatomy
- amygdala - ventral PAG (midbrain)
73
circa-strike threat imminence
predator makes contact
74
circa-strike state
panic
75
circa-strike antecedent stimuli
a striking predator is making or is about to make physical contact
76
circa-strike consequent behaviors
- audible vocalizations - vigorous escape attempts - Protean movement (zig zag running)
77
circa-strike neuroanatomy
dorsal PAG with sensory inputs from the superior colliculus
78
prefrontal cortex roles
- decision making - planning and organizing - impulse control - attention and focus - working memory - social behavior - emotional regulation
79
amygdala emotion generation
experiencing something emotional activates amygdala, triggers immediate intense emotional response
80
prefrontal cortex emotion regulation
manage emotions; “brake” on the amygdala, helping calm down, think logically, and respond appropriately
81
ucinate fasciculus
prefrontal cortex - amygdala white matter pathway
82
prefrontal cortex - amygdala balance
- prefrontal cortex controls impulsive reactions from amygdala, making sure emotional responses are balanced and appropriate - if amygdala is overactive, emotions take over - prefrontal cortex inhibits amygdala
83
how to strengthen prefrontal cortex - amygdala pathway
exposure therapy and fear extinction in PTSD or phobia therapies
84
mammillary bodies location
- part of the diencephalon - paired nuclei that bulge anteriorly from the hypothalamus
85
mammillary bodies general function
relay station in olfactory pathways, hippocampus, and other cerebral memory processing areas - memory formation
86
what part of the brain are the mammillary bodies part of
diencephalon (hypothalamus)
87
what are the mammillary bodies connected to
- hippocampus via fornix - anterior thalamic nuclei via mammillothalamic tract - tegmentum (reticular formation) via mamillotegmental tract
88
what is Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome caused by
thiamine deficiency
89
role of the hypothalamus in the limbic system
- contains many connections with neural circuits that regulate emotions and the body’s physical response - produces many bodily autonomic responses associated with emotions; unconsciously controls endocrine glands
90
septal nuclei projections
- receive afferent connections from other limbic structures (hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) - send efferent projections to hippocampus, thalamus, ventral tegmental area, and hypothalamus
91
septum pellucidum
thin, almost transparent membrane running down middle of brain from corpus callosum to hippocampus white matter tracts of fornix
92
septum pellucidum location
- forms part of the walls of the lateral ventricles - connected to bottom of corpus callosum - made up of thin two-layered structure consisting of nerve fiber bundles and blood vessels - surrounded by septal nuclei
93
septal nuclei function
feelings of social connectedness and bonding - maternal behaviors
94
where does septal nuclei converge
lateral septum in regulation of maternal behaviors

Neurosci 102 Summer ‘24 (13 decks)

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