Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neurosci 102 Summer ‘24 > Lecture 4.1 > Flashcards

Lecture 4.1 Flashcards

(113 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what forms the neural plate

A

the thickening of the ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what forms the neural groove

A

the folding of the neural plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what forms the neural tube

A

the closing of the neural groove

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

neurulation

A

the process that forms the neural tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

when does neurulation occur

A

third and fourth weeks of gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ectodermal folding

A

ectoderm thickening to form the neural plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

formation of the neural tube

A

anterior (rostral) end of the tube expands and differentiates into brain, while the posterior (caudal) end becomes the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

three types of spinal bifida

A

spina bifida occulta < meningocele < myelomeningocele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

secondary neuralation

A

occurs at the caudal end of the developing embryo; becomes the lower part of the spinal cord
- involves mesodermal cells rather than ectodermal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ascending tract of spinal cord tract function

A

brings sensory info from the PNS to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are examples of ascending tracts in the spinal cord

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are examples of ascending tracts in the spinal cord

A

spinothalamic tract, the dorsal columns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what do the descending tracts of the spinal cord do

A

motor commands from the brain to muscles and glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

example of spinal cord descending tract

A

corticospinal tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

functions of the spinal cord

A

controlling the repetitive, coordinated actions required for walking and other forms of movement
- center for processing reflex actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

where does the spinal cord connect to the brain

A

medulla section

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

approximately how long is the adult spinal cord

A

45 cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

approximately how many neurons and glia does the spinal cord have

A

100 million neurons and 500 million glia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

where does the spinal cord begin/end

A

begins at the foramen magnum in the skull (at the interface with the medulla oblongata) and ends at the L1 - L2 vertebral bone level at the conus medullaris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the two thickened areas of the spinal cord

A

cervical enlargement and lumbar enlargement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how many spinal cord segments are there

A

31 segments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

cervical enlargement

A

supplies nerves to upper extremity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

lumbar enlargement

A

supplies nerves to lower extremity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

cauda equina

A

the nerve fibers coming from spinal cord segments lumbar 2 - 5, sacral 1 - 5, and coccygeal 1 which exit the vertebral column below the conus medullaris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
where in the spinal cord is there more white matter than gray
rostral end
26
which end of the spinal cord has more gray matter than white matter
caudal end
27
what causes the spinal cord enlargements
the large number of nerve fibers that innervate the upper and lower limbs
28
what is the shape of the cervical segment
oval or almost circular shape
29
what is the shape of the thoracic segment
more rounded and have smaller dorsal and ventral horns
30
afferent neurons
carry sensory info from receptors in skin/other organs —> central nervous system
31
where are afferent neuron cell bodies located
outside of the spinal cord
32
efferent neurons
carry motor info from brain —> peripheral nervous system - aka motor neurons
33
where are efferent neuron cell bodies located
ventral horn of spinal cord
34
SADDAVE
sensory = afferent = dorsal dorsal = afferent, ventral = efferent
35
dorsal root
transmits sensory info
36
ventral root fibers
the axons of motor and visceral efferent fibers
37
cervical nerves
C1 - C8
38
thoracic nerves
T1 - T12
39
lumbar nerves
L1 - L5
40
sacral nerves
S1 - S5
41
coccygeal nerve
Co1
42
cord dermatome
body map of spinal segment innervation
43
cervical dermatomes
C2 - C8: back of the head, neck, shoulders, arms, and hands
44
thoracic dermatomes
T1 - T12: chest, abdomen, and back
45
lumbar dermatomes
L1 - L5: associated with the lower back, hips, and the anterior and medial aspects of the legs
46
sacral dermatomes
S1 - S5: cover the buttocks and posterior legs
47
the problem with convergence
sensory afferents carrying pain info from the skin and from the organs can converge onto the same dorsal horn neuron; leads to “referred pain”
48
posterior horn function
contains sensory interneurons and projection neurons for ascending sensory tracts - present at every level of the spinal cord
49
intermediate gray matter function
involved in the autonomic nervous system - present at every level of the spinal cord
50
anterior horn function
contains lower motor neurons that send motor output to skeletal muscles, controlling voluntary and involuntary movements - present at every level of the spinal cord
51
Lissauer’s tract
white matter made up of both myelinated and unmyelinated axon fibers - convey primarily pain, temperature, and light/crude touch information
52
what does Lissauer’s tract synapse with
second-order interneurons in Rexed lamina I (the marginal zone) and lamina II (substantia gelatinosa)
53
where is Lissauer’s tract found
posterior horn
54
marginal zone location
at the tip of the dorsal horn
55
marginal zone function
relays info about pain and temp sensation to the brain
56
marginal zone presence
all spinal levels
57
marginal zone associated rexed lamina
lamina I
58
substantia gelatinosa location
at the top of the dorsal horn
59
substantia gelatinosa function
relays information about pain and temp sensations to the brain
60
substantia gelatinosa presence
found at all segmental levels of the spinal cord
61
substantia gelatinosa associated rexed lamina
lamina II
62
nucleus proprius location
in the neck of the dorsal horn
63
nucleus proprius function
relays info about proprioception and light/crude touch to the brain
64
nucleus proprius presence
found at all spinal levels
65
nucleus proprius associated rexed lamina
laminae III or IV
66
light touch
poorly localized, crude touch (pressure, tickle, itch)
67
light touch DELETE
poorly localized, crude touch (pressure, tickle, itch)
68
fine touch
discriminative touch
69
dorsal nucleus of clarke location
medially at the bottom of the dorsal horn, corresponding to the medial part of Rexed lamina VII
70
dorsal nucleus of Clarke function
relays unconscious sensory info about proprioception to the brain (particularly to cerebellum)
71
dorsal nucleus of Clarke presence
found only in the thoracic to lumbar spinal segments: T1 - L2
72
intermediolateral nucleus location
in the lateral horn within Rexed laminate VII
73
intermediolateral nucleus function
relays motor and sensory info between the viscera (internal organs) and the brain -controls autonomic neurons that give rise to the sympathetic nervous system
74
intermediolateral nucleus presence
found between the first thoracic spinal segment (T1) and the third lumbar segment (L3)
75
lateral motor neurons location
located in the ventral horn
76
lateral motor neurons function
relays motor info from the brain to the viscera and skeletal muscles of the limbs
77
lateral motor neurons presence
all spinal levels
78
medial motor neurons location
ventral horn
79
medial motor neuron function
relays motor info from the brain to the viscera and skeletal muscles of the trunk and neck
80
medial motor neuron presence
all spinal levels
81
rexed lamina
divides the gray matter into 10 layers based on the distribution of different types of neurons
82
dorsal/posterior sensory laminae (I - III) function
primarily involved in pain signaling
83
deeper laminae (IV - VII) function
involved in non-painful as well as painful sensation and proprioceptive info
84
ventral/anterior laminate (VII - IX) function
carry motor info from the brain out to the visceral and skeletal muscles
85
lamina I function
contains neurons that send info about noxious and temp sensory input to the brain
86
lamina I location
thin layer at the tip of the dorsal horn - overlaps with the marginal zone nucleus
87
lamina I presence
found at all spinal levels
88
lamina II location
corresponds to the substantia gelatinosa nucleus
89
lamina II function
relay both noxious and non-noxious sensation info to the brain - modulate sensory input to contribute to brain’s interpretation of incoming signals as painful or not
90
lamina II presence
all spinal levels
91
laminae III and IV location
contain nucleus proprius
92
laminae III and IV function
input is from fibers that convey proprioceptive and light touch sense
93
laminae III and IV presence
all spinal levels
94
lamina V function
relay both noxious and visceral sensory stimuli to the brain
95
lamina V presence
all spinal levels
96
lamina VI location
deep layer of the dorsal horn
97
lamina VI function
responds to proprioceptive signals from joints, muscles, and skin
98
lamina VI presence
all spinal levels
99
lamina VII location
large zone that contains the cells of Clarke’s as well as the intermediolateral nucleus, and a large portion of the lateral and ventral horns
100
lamina VII function
relaying proprioception and motor info to and from the brain to the viscera
101
lamina VII presence
T1 - S4
102
lamina VIII and IX location
motor neuron groups in the ventral/anterior gray horn - medial portion (medial motor nucleus) - lateral portion (lateral motor nucleus)
103
laminae VIII and IX function
- medial portion innervates muscles of trunk and neck - lateral portion innervates distal muscles of the arms and legs
104
laminae VIII and IX presence
all spinal levels
105
lamina X location
small neurons around the central canal
106
lamina X function
relaying motor info from one side of the spinal cord to the other bc axons decussate in the gray commissure
107
lamina X presence
all spinal levels
108
white matter ascending tracts
carry sensory info up the spinal cord to areas of the brain (eventually terminating in cerebrum or cerebellum)
109
white matter descending tracts
carry motor info from brain down to levels of spinal cord, eventually terminating on skeletal muscles
110
reflex
simple, unvarying, unlearned response to sensory stimuli such as touch, pressure, and pain - most are centered entirely within the spinal cord & don’t involve the brain
111
spinal reflex arcs
produced by the spinal cord and peripheral neurons only
112
what does a monosynaptic arc consist of
1. a receptor organ (muscle spindle) 2. a sensory (peripheral) neuron with sensitive endings 3. a spinal cord motor neuron 4. an effector organ (muscle)
113
what does a polysnaptic reflex arc consist of
1. a receptor organ (skin) 2. a sensory (peripheral) neuron with cutaneous receptor nerve endings 3. a spinal cord interneuron 4. a spinal cord motor neuron 5. an effector organ (muscle)

Neurosci 102 Summer ‘24 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions