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Neurosci 102 Summer ‘24 > Lecture 6.1 > Flashcards

Lecture 6.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

somatotopic organization

A

where the third order neuron in the thalamus projects to in the somatosensory cortex depends on where the corresponding sensory neuron in the body originated

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2
Q

what is the amount of cortex representing each body part proportional to

A

the amount of sensory neurons providing input

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3
Q

what does damage to the cerebellum lead to

A

impairments in motor control and posture on the ipsilateral side of the body
- balance disorders; subjects develop postural strategies such as a wide-based stance to compensate for

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4
Q

cerebellum general function

A

monitor ongoing movement and modify motor signals of the descending pathways to adapt movements and make them more accurate

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5
Q

does the cerebellum initiate motor commands?

A

no

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6
Q

what types of muscle coordination does the cerebellum monitor and modify

A
  1. maintenance of balance and posture
  2. correction of voluntary movements
  3. motor learning
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7
Q

how does the cerebellum modulate commands to motor neurons?

A

through input from vestibular receptors and proprioceptors

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8
Q

why does the cerebellum modulate commands to motor neurons

A

to compensate for shifts in body position or changes in load upon muscles

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9
Q

how does the cerebellum correct voluntary movements

A
  • coordinates timing and force of different muscle groups to produce fluid limb or body movements
  • compares intended and actual movements, adjusts for errors, and corrects ongoing movements
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10
Q

how does the cerebellum function in motor learning

A
  • adapting and fine-tunes motor programs through trial-and-error
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11
Q

what kind of shift does motor learning require

A

conscious —> unconscious

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12
Q

folia

A

finely spaced parallel grooves which form a continuous thin layer of tissue tightly folded like an accordion

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13
Q

what does the telencephalon become in adult brain structures

A

cerebrum: cerebral hemispheres (cortex, white matter, basal nuclei)

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14
Q

what does the diencephalon become in adult brain structures

A

diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus), retina

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15
Q

what does the mesencephalon become in the adult brain

A

brain stem: midbrain

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16
Q

what does the metencephalon become in adult brain

A

brainstem: pons

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17
Q

what does the cerebellum develop from

A

the rhombic lips (the edges of the 4th ventricle); as the tissue thickens with growth it folds over creating the 4th ventricle space

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18
Q

what does the myelencephalon develop into in the adult brain

A

brain stem: medulla oblongata

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19
Q

what is the roof of the 4th ventricle formed by

A

cerebellum

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20
Q

what is the floor of the 4th ventricle formed by

A

brainstem (pons and medulla)

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21
Q

what are the walls of the 4th ventricle formed by

A

cerebellar peduncles

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22
Q

what is the first step of cerebellum development

A

5th week: rhombic lips expand significantly and project caudally over the roof plate of the 4th ventricle

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23
Q

second step of cerebellum development

A

rhombic lips fuse with each other in the midline to form the cerebellar plate

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24
Q

third step of cerebellum development

A

12th week: cerebellar plate has formed the small midline vermis and two lateral hemispheres can be seen

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25
where does the gray matter lie in the cerebellum
externally in the cortex
26
where is the white matter in the cerebellum
internal, called the medulla
27
deep nuclei
centrally located nuclei within the deep white matter/medulla
28
what does the cerebellar cortex consist of
gray matter
29
what does cerebellum medulla consist of
incoming and outgoing myelinated axon fibers projecting to and from the cerebellar cortex
30
three cerebellar cortex layers
1. granule cell layer 2. Purkinje neuron layer 3. molecular layer
31
what cells are found in the granule layer
tightly packed granule neurons
32
what cells are found in the Purkinje neuron layer
Purkinje neurons; only one cell thick
33
what cells is the molecular layer composed of
axons of granule neurons and the dendrites of Purkinje neurons as well as dendrites from a few other neuronal types (no somas)
34
main characteristic of Purkinje cells
one of the largest neurons in the human brain w/ an elaborate branching dendrites that are only found in cerebellum
35
arbor vitae
sensory and motor white matter tracts within cerebellum
36
three cerebellar peduncles
1. superior peduncle: connects to midbrain
37
three cerebellar peduncles
1. superior peduncle: connects to midbrain 2. middle peduncle: connects to pons 3. inferior peduncle: connects to medulla (technically at the ponto-medullary junction)
38
superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP)
- connects cerebellum to midbrain/mesencephalon - carries efferent tracts leaving the cerebellum (does receive some ascending tracts)
39
middle cerebellar peduncle (MCP)
- connects pons to the contralateral hemisphere of the cerebellum via corticopontine tract through transverse pontine fibers - contains largest number of nerve fibers; largest peduncle
40
inferior cerebellar peduncle (ICP)
- connects cerebellum to medulla - carries afferent tracts entering cerebellum from spinal cord and brainstem - carries efferent tracts leaving cerebellum to vestibular nuclei and inferior olives in brainstem
41
how does posterior spinocerebellar tract enter the cerebellum
inferior cerebellar peduncles (medulla)
42
how does cuneocerebellar tract enter cerebellum
inferior cerebellar peduncles (medulla)
43
how does anterior spinocerebellar tract enter cerebellum
superior cerebellar peduncles
44
three lobes of cerebellum
anterior lobe, posterior lobe, flocculonodular lobe
45
what fissure separates anterior and posterior lobes
primary fissure
46
what fissure separates the flocculonodular and posterior lobes
posterolateral fissure
47
vermis
unpaired, medial portion of the cerebellum that connects the two hemispheres
48
how many vermis lobules
nine
49
how many horizontal lobulea
nine
50
which lobules does the flocculonodular lobe contain
X and HX
51
what is lobule HVII (the largest lobule) separated into
HVIIb, Crus-I, and Crus-II
52
what 3 regions can the cerebellum be subdivided into based on function
1. vestibulocerebellar 2. spinocerebellar 3. cerebrocerebellar
53
vestibulocerebellum anatomical parts
flocculonodular lobe, some posterior lobe, and adjacent vermis
54
vestibulocerebellum function
regulates balance and eye movements
55
spinocerebellum anatomical parts
vermis and intermediate/midline parts of the hemispheres
56
spinocerebellum function
regulation of muscle tone & coordination of skilled voluntary movement (matching of intended movement with proprioceptive input of actual body position)
57
cerebrocerebellum anatomical parts
lateral parts of the hemisphers
58
cerebrocerebellum function
planning of movement; has non-motor cognitive functions as well
59
where does vermis mainly receive input from
spinocerebellar tracts in the trunk of the body
60
what info does the vermis receive from the spinocerebellar tracti
info on the position & balance of torso
61
where does vermis project to
fastigial deep nuclei of the cerebellum
62
where does the fastigial deep nuclei of the cerebellum send output to
vestibular nuclei in the brainstem for maintenance of balance
63
is cerebellum mainly ipsilateral or contralateral
ipsilateral
64
four major deep nuclei within cerebellar medulla
- dentate nucleus - 2 interposed nuclei - fastigial nucleus
65
main function of neurons in the deep nuclei
prime output from cerebellum
66
where do the fibers of the flocculonodular lobe send output to
directly synapse onto vestibular nuclei
67
mnemonic to remember names and positions of deep cerebellar nuclei relative to their position from the midline
Don’t eat greasy food: dentate —> emboliform —> globose —> fastigial
68
interposed nucleus
emboliform + globose; some animals don’t have distinct emboliform and globose nuclei and instead have a single fused one
69
what info do dentate nuclei receive
info related to tasks requiring fine dexterity from the cerebral cortex and is important for the regulation of voluntary motor activity: timing, planning, and inception
70
where does dentate nuclei project to
red nucleus and ventrolateral thalamic nucleus
71
what sensory input do interposed nuclei receive
spinal, somatosensory, auditory, and visual info input
72
where do interposed nuclei neurons project
red nucleus in brainstem
73
what are fastigial nuclei associated with
vermis
74
where are fastigial nuclei found
along midline of cerebellum
75
what input do fastigial nuclei receive
spinocerebellar afferent input
76
where do vestibular nuclei neurons project to
vestibular nuclei in brainstem and sends efferent fibers to proximal and trunk muscles for maintenance of balance
77
primary inputs to cerebellum
cerebral cortex —> pons —> cerebellum vestibular inputs —> cerebellum inferior olive —> cerebellum spinal cord —> cerebellum
78
what kind of info do vestibular inputs, inferior olive, and spinal cord send to cerebellum
sensory, proprioceptive, and vestibular ipsilateral info
79
what kind of info does cerebral cortex send to cerebellum
motor cortex, association frontal cortex, sensory cortex
80
primary output path of cerebellum
cerebellar cortex (Purkinje neurons) —> deep nuclei (main output) —> thalamus (—> cerebral cortex), vestibular nuclei, inferior olive, red nucleus
81
first step of descending motor tract coordination and correction by the cerebellum
motor cortex sends action potentials to lower motor neurons in the spinal cord
82
second step of descending motor tract coordination and correction by the cerebellum
action potentials from the motor cortex inform the cerebellum of the intended movement
83
third step of descending motor tract coordination and correction by the cerebellum
lower motor neurons in the spinal cord send action potentials to skeletal muscles, causing them to contract
84
fourth step of descending motor tract coordination and correction by the cerebellum
proprioceptive signals from the skeletal muscles and joints to the cerebellum convey info concerning the status of the muscles and the structure being moved during contraction
85
fifth step of descending motor tract coordination and correction by the cerebellum
cerebellum compares info from motor cortex w/ proprioceptive info from skeletal muscle joints
86
sixth step of descending motor tract coordination and correction by the cerebellum
action potentials from the cerebellum to the spinal cord modify the stimulation from the motor cortex to the lower motor neurons
87
seventh step of descending motor tract coordination and correction by the cerebellum
action potentials from cerebellum are sent to motor cortex to modify motor activity
88
what do steps 1 and 3 of descending motor tract coordination and correction by cerebellum involve
descending tracts
89
what do steps 2 and 4-7 of the descending motor tract coordination and correction by cerebellum involve
cerebellum monitoring, comparing, and correcting intended vs actual movement
90
cerebellum motor function
predicting motor commands and outcomes (movements) and using sensory data about body position for future error correction/predictions
91
cerebellar non-motor function
calculating and monitoring predicted sensory/social/language/threat outcomes with actual sensory data and updating predictions based on this (non-motor error correction)
92
why is prediction the most important functions of the brain
- optimizes neurocognitive resources - adapts to surrounding environment and ensure survival - goes beyond motor adaptability to everything from language usage to adaptive social behaviors to appropriate response to threat
93
example of proposed model for cortical-cerebellar and cerebellar-cortical interactions
cerebellum estimates sensory state of the body by anticipating the consequences of a motor command as a means to compensate for the slower time-scale in which sensory feedback signals are processed in cerebral cortex
94
example of proposed model for cortical-cerebellar and cerebellar-cortical interactions
cerebellum estimates sensory state of the body by anticipating the consequences of a motor command as a means to compensate for the slower time-scale in which sensory feedback signals are processed in cerebral cortex

Neurosci 102 Summer ‘24 (13 decks)

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