Lab 1 and 2 Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
All Living Organisms have
A
DNA, Cell membrane, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes
2
Q
Prokaryotes
A
No membrane bound organelles
Usually unicellular
Small
3
Q
Cell membrane
A
Encloses cytoplasm and the intercellular structures
4
Q
Cytoplasm
A
Contains ribosomes
5
Q
Ribosomes
A
Site of protein synthesis
6
Q
Fimbriae
A
Fine hairlike extensions which are used for attachment to surfaces
7
Q
pili
A
Fewer longer extensions which are used to trnasfer or exchange DNA during process of conjugation
8
Q
Binary Fission
A
Form of asexual reproduction used by prokaryotes
9
Q
Flagella
A
Used for locomotion
10
Q
Two main domains of Prokaryotes
A
Domain Bacteria
Domain Archea
11
Q
What do cell walls of bacteria contain
A
peptidoglycan
12
Q
Gram Positive bacteria
A
Thick layer of peptidoglycan and will stain purple
13
Q
Gram negative bacteria
A
Thin layer of peptidoglycan and stained pink
14
Q
Main difference between gram positive and gram negative
A
Gram negative are pathogenic
15
Q
Pathogenic
A
Causing disease to the host
16
Q
hyphae
A
fungi growing in strands or filaments
17
Q
Bifidobacterium
A
Domain: Bacteria
Kingdom: Bacteria
Phylum: Actiobacteria
18
Q
What is the cell type of bifidobacterium
A
Unicellular
19
Q
How does Bifidobacterium grow
A
In aggregates called colonies
20
Q
Coccus shaped
A
Spherical
21
Q
Bacillus shaped
A
rod shaped
22
Q
Vibiro
A
Comma shaped
23
Q
Spirillium
A
Spiral and rigid
24
Q
What shape is bifidobacterium?
A
Bacillus Shaped - Rod shaped
25
What type of a bacteria is bifidobacterium
Gram Positive Bacteria which means thick peptidoglycan and stained purples
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Habitat of Bifidobacterium
Human Digestive Tract
More specifically the Human intestine
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How does Bifidobacterium get yum yums
Heterotrophic
Saprotroph since it uses extracellualr digestion.
It gets energy from the host (human)
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Purpose of Bifidobacterium
Secretes enzymes into the intestine which break down food into small particles which can be absorbed by bacterium and the host
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Adaptations of Bifidobacterium
Improves digestion for the host
Has a thick capsule around its cell wall to help it survive in the digestive tract
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Friends of Bifidobacterium
Streptococcus, Lactobacillius
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Streptococcus
Spherical Shaped
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Lactobascillus
Rod shaped
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How does Bifidobacterium reproduce
BInary Fission
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Does Bifidobacterium move?
No. its lame
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Anabena
Domain: Bacteria
Kingdom: Bacteria
Phylum: Cyanobacteria
36
How does anabena/cyanobacteria get food and energy
they are autotrophic and use photosynthesis to produce organic molecules
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Habitat of Anabena
Freshwater blue green alga whoch grows in sloughs and lakes in Saskatchewan
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Which cell type in anabena
Multicellular
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What holds anabena together
Gelatinous sheath
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How can anabena reproduce
Asexually through fragmentation
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Heterocysts
Enables anabena to fix its own nitrogen
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Why is anabena not colonial
Because it has specilaized functions due to the presence of heterocyst
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Friends on Anabena
Gloeocapsa, spirulina, oscillatoria, nostoc, fisherealla
44
Halobacterium
Domain: Archea
Kingdom: Euryarchaeota
Phylum: Euryarchaeota
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Which cell type is Halobacterium
Unicellular
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What is the shape of halobacterium
Bacillus Shaped: Rod shaped
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Habitat of Halobacterium
Extremely saline water such as dead sea
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How does halobacterium survive from dehydration
Has a unique protein called halorhodospin
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What does halorhodspin do
Specialized protein acts as a light driven chloride pump which maintains high salt concentration within the organism: Preventing from dehydration
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How does halobacterium acquire food and energy
It is a photoheterotroph.
Can obtain ATP from a pigment called bacteriorhodospin
Also captures light
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What does bacteriorhodospin do
Synthesis ATP using energy from the sun light
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Does Halobacterium move
Yes with a rotating flagellum and produces gas vesicles which help it float.
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Friends of Halobacterium
Halococcus Methanomonas
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How does halobacterium reproduce
Asexually using binary fission
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Colony diameter of Bifidobacterium
2-5mm
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Colony diameter of Halobacterium
2-3mm
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Colour of halobacterium
Purple
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Domain Eukarya
All organisms are composed of eukaryotic cells
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Eurkaryotic cells
Larger
Have membrane bound organelles
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Kingdoms of Eukarya
kingdom protista
Kingdom fungi
kingdom plantae
kingdom animilia
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Amoeba
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Protista
Phylum: Amoebozoa
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What type of cell is amoeba
Unicellular
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Why is amoeba unicellular
Has specialized regions within the cytoplasm to carry out all the basic functions
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Habitat of Amoeba
Freshwater and can be found in sloughs around saskatoon
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How is the pseudopodia formed in the amoeba
Cytoplasm flows outwards and pushes the cell membrane outwards forming lobe like pseudopodia
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What does the contractile vacuole do in the amoeba
Osmoregulation: Control of water moving in and out of the cell
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What does the pseudopodia in amoeba do
Locomotion
Uses pseudopodia to engulf prey using phagocytosis
Pseudopodia grows around the prey which is then surrounded by cell membrane making a membrane bound food vacoule
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How does amoeba get food
Heterotrophic: Uses pseudopodia to engulf prey using phagocytosis. Food is digested within the food vacoule using the process of intracellular digestion
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How are nutrients spread across in amoeba
cytoplasmic streaming
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How does amoeba reproduce
Asexually through mitosis
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Friends of amoeba
Entamoeba gigivalis, Entamoeba histolytica
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Paramecium
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Protista
Phylum: Cliophora
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What type of cell is paramecium
Unicellular
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How does Paramecium more
Swimming with the help of small hair like structures called cilia
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Pellicle
A firm outer covering in the paramecium composed of cell membrane, cilia and internal membranes
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What is unique about paramecium compared to other animal like protists
there is no cell wall
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How does the paramecium eat yum yum
Oral groove which leads to the cell mouth where good enters through a tubular channel. Food particles are packed into a food vacuole and when full in pinches into the cytoplasm and food in digested intacellularly
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Where are wastes expelled in the paramecium
In the posterior end
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How many contracile vacuoles does paramecium have and what is the function of it
it has 2. One at anterior and one at posterior.
Osmoregulation
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What is unique about paramecium like other members of the cliophora phylum
It has 2 types of nuclei: Macronucleus and micronucleus
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Macronucleus and why is it important
in the macronucleus chrmosomes go through repeated duplication. This is an adaptation which allows the cell to produce enough enzymes to maintain the cells large sgape
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Micronucleus
stores genetic information
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How does paramecium reproduce
Sexually: Conjugation (exchanging micronuclei in cytoplasm)
Asexually through mitosis
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Friends of Paramecium
Stentor, Euglena, spirostomum
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Micarsterias
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Protista
Phylum: Charophyta
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What is the cell type of miccarsterias
Unicellular
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Habitat of Micarsterias
Freshwater
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Two lines of micarsterias
Semi cells
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What are semi cells connected with
isthmus
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Why does micarsterias does not require contractile vacoule
Because cell wall prevents water to get in and to burst
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Where is the nucleus location is the miscarsterias
In the insthmus
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What do semi cells contain
Chloroplasts each with chlorophyl a and b required for photosynthesis.
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What are pyrenoids
Found in chloroplast in the semi cells of the micsrsterias. They are conveet sugar to a storage starch which is kept as food reserve
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Can micarsterias move
Yes. Very slowly by secreting mucilage from pores at the apex of each of its semi cells. this results in a gliding movement
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How does micarsterias reproduce
Asexually through mitosis
And sexually through conjugation when 2 haploid cells fuse to create 1 diploid cell called zygote
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Thick outer covering of the zygote
zygospore
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Friends of micasterias
Protococcus, selenastrum, chalamydomomas, ulothrix, volvoxm scenedesmus, ulva, porphyra
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Fucus
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Protista
Phylum: Phaeophyta
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What kind of cell is fucus
Multicellular
100
How does fucus get energy and nutrients
Autotrophic: Obtains its energy from photosynthesis using the photosynthetic pigments chlorophylls a, c1 and c2 and the brown pigment fucoxanthin.
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Habitat of fucus
live high on rocky marine shorelines and are exposed to the air at a low tide
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What helps fucus to float on a high tide
Pneumatocysts
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Pneumatocysts
Air sacs scattered throughout its body which serve to keep alga floating on high tides
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What helps fucus attach to tocks
Holdfast
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What is the body of fucus called
thalus
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blade or lamina
Flattened leaf like stuff which makes up the tallus
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Stipe
Contains the holdfast at the base of the stipe
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Receptacles
Swollen tips on some of the branches
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Conceptacles
On the swollen bumps there are tiny bumps.
These bumps contain sexual reproductive structures
There are small cave like cavity called conceptacle
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Where are male and female gameted produced
Conceptacles
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Adaptation of Fucus
The recessed conceptacles are an adaptation to the algas coastal habitit and prevent sexual organs from drying out at low tide
112
Friends of fucus
Kelp and diatoms
