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Bio 121 Lab > Lab 3 and 4 > Flashcards

Lab 3 and 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are fungi composed of

A

Strands of cells called hyphae

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2
Q

What are fungi known to be

A

Major decomposers

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3
Q

Four main Phyla of Fungi

A

Chydridiomycota
Zygomycota
Asomycota
Basidomycota

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4
Q

A group of hyphae

A

Mycelium

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5
Q

Is fungi Motile

A

With the exception of phylum chytridomyta, fungi have non motile reproductive cells

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6
Q

Major Habitat of fungi

A

Terrestrial ( a few are aquatic)

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7
Q

Are fungi uni or multi
Autotrophs or Heterotrophs?

A

Most are multicellular
Heterotrophic

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8
Q

What are cell walls of fungi made of

A

Chitin

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9
Q

What are fungi in terms of eating yum yums

A

Saprobes

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10
Q

Saprobes

A

Fungi use extracellular digestion to breakdown food

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11
Q

What can fungi degrade

A

Cellulose and lignin

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12
Q

How do fungi live

A

In symbionts

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13
Q

Symbiont

A

Those that live in association with other another organism where 2 of them benifit (Like a relationship)

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14
Q

Lichens

A

Assosiation of fungi and algae

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15
Q

mycorrhizae

A

Developing associations with the roots of plants

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16
Q

What do fungi do when their enviroment dries out

A

Quickly produce spores which are waterproof and can be dormant for years

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17
Q

Sexual Reproduction is fungi

A

Two gametes fuse to produce gametangia

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18
Q

Without septa

A

Multinucleate

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19
Q

With septa

A

Uninucleate

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20
Q

Allomyces

A

Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Chytridiomycota

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21
Q

Habitat of Allomyces

A

Small bodies of freshwater

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22
Q

Reproductive structures of allomyces

A

Gametangia and Sporangia

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23
Q

What specialized structure of hyphae do allomyces have

A

Rhizoids

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24
Q

What do rhizoids do

A

Are used to attach to allomyces to its food source in water

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25
How does allomyces get yum yums
Saprotroph Secretes enzymes from its rhizoids to break down its food
26
Enlarges round cells in allomyces
Gametangia
27
Male gametagnium
Light orange in colour
28
Female gametangium
Gray or colourless
29
Discharged Papillae
Opening on the gametangia through which male and female gametes are released
30
Is allomyces motile
Has motile gametes
31
How do motile gametes move
They are flagellated
32
How can allomyces reproduce
Sexually: Gametangia Sexually: Thick walled sporangia Asexually: Thin walled sporangia
33
Difference between Sporangia and gametangia
Sporangia are single structures Gametangia are double wall structured
34
How does thin walled sporangia do its thing
Asexual Elongate gray or colourless Have discharged papillae through which DIPLOID SPORES (flagellated) are released for asexual reproduction
35
What do thick walled sporangia do
Reddish brown in colour can withstand severe envirnomental conditions Sporangia goes through meiosos to produce hapoloid zoospores
36
Friends of Allomyces
Neocallimastix, Batrachochytrium
37
Rhizopus
Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Zygomycoya
38
Habitat of rhizopus
bread mold Found in any kitchen and grows on baked goods whenever it has the oppurtunity
39
3 types of hyphae in rhizopus
Stolons, Rhizoids and Sporangiopores
40
Stolons
Form a horizontal branching network which spreads the fungus over the surface of the food source
41
Rhizoids
Short, branched hyphae that penetrate the surface of bread, achoring rizopus to its food source
42
How does rhizopus use eat yum yums
Uses extracellular digestion Starch molecules too big for rhizopus to digest Rhizopus secretes enzyme called amylase which breaks down starch into sugar
43
What do stolons produce
Rhizoids Sporangiospres (Asexual Production)
44
Sporangiopores
Each sporangiospore bears a single reproductive structure called a sporangium. Numerous spores develop asexually through mitosis within each sporangium
45
Adaptation of Rhizopus
The elongated sporangiospores elevate the sporangium above the surface of the food surface Allows spores to be exposed to air currents for dispersal
46
How does rhizopus reproduce sexually
Conjugation
47
Conjugation in Rhizopus
Two different mating stains must be pressent growing near each other Two gametangia fuse
48
What does each stain produce during conjugation
Produces short side branches from its haploid hyphae which will become a single called gametangia
49
Two gametangia fuse to
become zygosporangium
50
What does the zygosporangium Produce
Zygospore
51
Friends of Rhizopus
Phycomyces, Entomophthora
52
Ascomycota
Largest Fungal Phyla
53
Reproductive structure of ascomycota
Ascus
54
What is ascus protected by
Ascocarp
55
How is ascocarp formed
During sexual reproduction when the haploid hyphae of two mathing strains come into contact
56
What does each ascus produce
Haploid ascospores through meiosis
57
Sordaria
Domain Eukarya Kingdom Fungi Phylum Ascomycota
58
Habitat of Sodaria
Dung and decaying plant matter
59
Asocarp in sodaria
formed from sexual reproduction brown and flask shaped
60
Adaptation of Sodaria
flask shaped asocsarp grows towards sunlight directing asci and ascospores up through the gaps in the surrounding vegetation. Enables the spores to be ingested and dispersed by herbivores
61
Friends of sodaria
Morels (Morchella), claviceps, ophiostoma
62
Basidomycota reproduction
Basidiocarp - basidia - basidospores
63
Agarius Bisporus
Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Basidiomycota
64
What does agarius bisporus consists of
Vast network of haploid branching hyphae
65
Agarius bisporus habitat
underground, buried within their food source
66
oogamous Reproduction
Large non motile egg that is fertilized by small, usually motile, sperm
67
Polytrichum
Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Bryophyta
68
Dominant Life cycle of polytrichum
Gametophyte
69
What is immature sporangium protected by
calyptra (hairy cap)
70
what protects the entering of the spore producing region
operculum
71
antheridia
oval
72
Rhizoids
Anchor the plant and absorb water
73
Whats unique about minium
Has antheredia and archegonia is seperate gameotophytes Unisexual
74
What do sterile hairs do
Retain water
75
Archegonia
Multicellular Long flask shaped
76
How can polutrichum reproduce
Sexually: Alternation of generation Asexually fragmentation
77
Friends of polytrichum
Minium, sphagnum, marchantia
78
How do vascular plants prevent water loss
With the cuticle
79
Cuticle
Prevents the gas exchnage necessary for photosynthesis from occuring
80
Xylem
Transports water
81
phloem
Transports sugar
82
lignin
Supports the plant body
83
What are spores protected by
sporopollenin
84
What does vascular tissue contain for water conducting
tracheids
85
Tracheids
Water conducting cells Part of xylem
86
what are vascular plants also called
Tracheophytes
87
What does vascular tissue contain for food conducting
sieve elements
88
sieve elements
part of phloem
89
two groups of vascular plants
Seed Seedless
90
Seedless vascular plants
Poscess vascular tissue and are better suited for terrestrial enviroments
91
Lycopodium
Domain Eukarya Kingdom Plantae Phylum Lycopodiophyta
92
Habitat of lycopodium
Part of the undergrowth on forested areas of north america
93
How does lycopodium reproduce sexually
Alternation of generations
94
Whats the dominant phase
Sporophyte phase
95
the gametophytes of lycopodium can be
Photosynthetic above ground or non photosynthetic and subterranean
96
Two stems of lycopodium
Aerial Upright stem Horizontal Rhizome stem
97
What does the rhizome do
The rhizome functions in asexual reproduction by producing new aerial stems at regular intervals, allowing the plant to spread horizontally across the forest floor
98
microphylls
leaves of the aerial stem
99
Cones or strobilus
Apex of the leaf (microphylls)
100
Roots of lycopodium
Beared by rhizome
101
Each cone is composed of
Sporophylls
102
each sporophyl has
a single round sporangium
103
fertilization results in
diploid zygote
104
plants that produce spores of only one size
homosporous
105
Large spores
megaspores
106
Small spores
Microspores
107
Phylum Lycopodiophyta has 2 kinds of spores
Homospores and Heterospores
108
Friends of Lycopodium
Selaginella
109
Pteridophytes
Seedless vascular plants Sporophyte dominant phase both homosporous and heterosporous
110
megaphylls
leaves with vasuclar tissue in form of extensively branched veins
111
Polypodium
Domain Eukarya Kingdom Plantae phylum Pteridophyta
112
Habitat of polypodium
Tropical forests
113
Rhizomes in polypodium
Grow horizontally or underneath the ground only large leaves grow upright
114
Asexual reproduction is achieved by
Rhizomes
115
Sexual reproduction in polypodium
Alternation of generations Sporophyte is the dominant stage
116
Gametphytes in polypodium
Photosynthetic
117
Friends of polypodium
Salvinia, Psilotum, Equisetum

Bio 121 Lab (6 decks)

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