lab

Question 1

what are key features anout beetles

Answer 1

4 wings, of which the 2 outer most wings are sclerotized (hardened)

Question 2

what are key features of true bugs

Answer 2

4 wings, of which the 2 outer most wings are protected in a leathery coating

Question 3

what are key features of butterflies/ moths

Answer 3

4 wings total. 1 pair to be larger than the other

Question 4

what are key features of flies

Answer 4

2 transparent wings

Question 5

bees waps and ants

Answer 5

4 tranparent wings

Question 6

what is nectar

Answer 6

a sugar-rich substance that pollinators feed on. this is energy lower in the flower, an adaptation to increase pollen dispersal

Question 7

what is pollen

Answer 7

the male gamtetophyte prodece by plants. it is rich in protein and will fertilize the female reproductive organs (stigma)

Question 8

why did pollination evove. what kinds of adaptation do plants that don’t rely on pollination have.

Answer 8

pollination evolved as is promoted plant efficiency. plants don’t need to produce as much pollen to achieve the same results as those who rely on wind-driven mechanisms.

plants that don’t use pollination don’t have as much energy to allocate to other factors such as looks or nectar production.

Question 9

what is a pollinator

Answer 9

an organisms that transports pollen from one plant to another

Question 10

what are the main types of pollinators

Answer 10

insects
rodents
birds
reptiles
larger mamals

Question 11

national species jurisdiction species status evaluator

Answer 11

COSEWIC
committee on the status of endangered wildlife in Canada

note that COSEWIC is responsible for assigning status, but it is SARA that os responsible for the legislation.

Question 12

international species jurisdiction species status evaluator

Answer 12

IUCN
International Union for the Conservation of nature

Question 13

provincial species jurisdiction species status evaluator

Answer 13

SAWS
status of Alberta wild species

Question 14

what is down listing? uplisting?

Answer 14

the change in a species ranking on a list of concern

down listing will be the status is improving while uplisting means they are getting worse

Question 15

what are some primary factors impacting species is Alberta

Answer 15

loss of habitat/ clear cutting
hunting
anthropogenic activities
climate change/ ecosystem alteration

Question 16

what are the distribution patterns

Answer 16

random:a mid of open space and clusters with no patter

uniform: even spaces between all units

aggregated: apparent clustering of orgs

Question 17

what is the index dispersion lvl for each pattern? what is the formula

Answer 17

Variance (S^2)/ mean

random=~1
uniform is <1
aggregated is >1

Question 18

dispersion

Answer 18

how spread out a population is. is it even spreading

Question 19

dispersal

Answer 19

the movement of orgs or the movement pattern they follow

Question 20

why do larger orgs tend to be solitary

Answer 20

they need more food
better able to defend themselves

Question 21

what is a native speices

Answer 21

a org that is naturally found is a particular area or ecosystem

Question 22

what is an invasive species

Answer 22

a species that and a tendency to grow uncontrollably ad dominate an ecosystem

in many cases, this is an alien pieces that is non native

Question 23

random sampling

Answer 23

a moethod used to ensure that all participant in asutudy have equal chances of being selected, this will often involve a computer system

Question 24

haphazard

Answer 24

when a study does not follow a systematic method in the selection of participants. There is no intended bias but participant are not chosen at a true random

Question 25

what are some sampling techniques

Answer 25

transect line centroid plot insect vistiation

Question 26

what is pseudo replication

Answer 26

the recounting of participants in a studying, elimination of the independence of the samples. this also provided the illusion that you have more samples or a larger sample size than what is true.

Question 27

what si the linchon -peterson recapture techniquie how do we correct for its issue

Answer 27

an equaion that uses the capturing tagged individuals to predict the population size. often the of equation overestmates the pop size so we correct for this using. the chapman correction. N=[(M+1)(n+1)]/(m+1)]-1

Question 28

what is the meaning behinf the variable in the population estimation equation

Answer 28

N= est pop size M= number of og tagged indivuals n= nuber of indivs caught m= number of indivs caught that are tagged

Question 29

what are the assumtions for population estimation

Answer 29

tags are not gianed or lost dont impact fitness behaviour and longevity is maintained all indiv are equallbly catchable no trap happy or trap shy random mortality and emeigration short sampling time with long period in between

Question 30

what happend to est population when orgs are trap happy vs trap shy

Answer 30

happy= underestingation as m^ shy= over est as mv

Question 31

what happend to est population when orgs lower thier movement i= or inc movement

Answer 31

dec over est as m v inc is under est as m^

Question 32

what happend to est population when orgs change thier longevity

Answer 32

often thier life span will shoten and so less orgs can be recaught. this cases for an over est

Question 33

how can life history and dist pattern impact sampling efforts

Answer 33

Knowing how an organism naturally live or goes about their life will influence the sampling size that should be taken. this will also influence the size of the pot. knowing how far they travel in a typical day.

Question 34

what is noise in a field sample. what should we do to reduce the effects that noise have on a sample

Answer 34

the errors made when preforming a test or collecting data to counteract this we should try to have a large sample size.

Question 35

what is a transect line

Answer 35

a stright line that cuts through a nautral ecosystem. measurement are made on both sides on the line

Question 36

what is a centroid plot

Answer 36

a circular plot placed in a biologically natural area for observations

Question 37

what is sampling effort

Answer 37

the number of samples and/ or sample size taken for a study

Question 38

what is bias

Answer 38

the distortion of stat results, typically due to the nonrandom selection

Question 39

quadrat sampling

Answer 39

a method that amin to measure abundance, frequency, distribution, and density of organisms (generally slow-moving) in a small plot.

Question 40

accuracy

Answer 40

when a measurement matched that of an exact/ true value

Question 41

precision

Answer 41

the repeatability of a measurement or stat test

Question 42

what are 2 facotrs that affect an org fitness

Answer 42

its ability to survive and reproduce and how many off spring it produces

Question 43

what is a functional response. what are the three facots that impact it

Answer 43

the effect that orey density has on being caught and the ability for prey to hide How difficult the prey are to find (density and crypsis)  How difficult the prey are to handle (capture, digest, etc.)  The efficiency of the predator.

Question 44

what is a type 1 functional response

Answer 44

a linear relationship between getting caught and prey density. in this scenario, density is the only factor that influences getting caught it is assumed that the predator take not handing time to consume any caught prey

Question 45

what is a type 2 functional response

Answer 45

the slightyl curved relationship between prey caught and density as the time the predator take to handle its prey is accounted for for this relationship, the death rate per capita will decrease with an increasing density as larger herds are better able to detect predators

Question 46

what is a type 3 func response

Answer 46

a sigmoidal curve the predator may have low success with low densities but as the density increase (and the knowledge for catching prey inc) the number of prey eaten grows very fast until the handing time causes the curve to plateau. when looking at the death rate, it will have. a positive relationship (more deaths with higher numbers a the predator learns how to hunt) and then decrease after a peak has been hit (to encompass the handling time)

Question 47

what is the marginal foraging theory

Answer 47

dictates how long a predator will remain in a specific area before it moves onto the next area to search for food. it looks to maximize the amount of energy from prey eaten to search time. when food beigngs to get scarce, when its time to expend greater amounts of energy to find new food

Question 48

what is the optimal foraging theory

Answer 48

a method orgs use to forage food in such a. way that their fitness is maximized.

Question 49

when is the optimal time to leave a site?

Answer 49

when the tanget of the foraging time and the function of the prey eaten intersect this equals T*

Question 50

what is the equation for maximizing energy

Answer 50

Ne/ (Ts+Tf)

Question 51

how to calc the per capita death rate

Answer 51

number of prey eaten/ density in a population.

Question 52

what is. linear regression

Answer 52

a test that compares 2 variables that are not related to determine if one impacts the other. uses different units scatter plot

Question 53

what is an ANOVA

Answer 53

comparing the means of three or more categories meassuring the same unit use a bar graph

Question 54

t test

Answer 54

comparing the means of 2 categories with the same units bar graph paired or unpaired

Question 55

pair vs unpaired t test

Answer 55

paired is when the 2 griuos are related or connected by a single factor. a B and A or lengths from the same indiv. unpaired is when we comp the same nnit form diff entities. can be unequal variance between groups or equal variance

Question 56

chi squared

Answer 56

compares obs to and expected value (from lit). if the chi calced value is larger than the crit chi claue then we reject.