topic 7

Question 1

what is sexual selection

Answer 1

a form of natural selection that favors the evolution of elaborate traits in one sec and preference for those traits by the opposite sex

elaborate courtship displays ad/ or morphological traits common in males to serve the purpose of attracting females and discourage rivals

Question 2

what is a common outcome of sexual selection?

Answer 2

morphological and behavioural differences between two sexes of the same species

Question 3

what is a common outcome of sexual selection?

Answer 3

morphological and behavioral differences between two sexes of the same species. overall there exists a variation is a reproductive success ina population too

Question 4

what is intersexual selection

Answer 4

mate choice
when one sex has a preference for members of the opposite sec which have certain traits

Question 5

what is intrasexulation selection

Answer 5

mate competition
members of the same sex will compete to acquire access to mating opportunities with members of the opposite sex

Question 6

fundamental asymmetry of sex

Answer 6

the concept that males have abundant, replenishable small sperm but females have a limited resource of large eggs

Question 7

what is the biased operational sex ratio

Answer 7

the male: female gamete ratio. the fundamental law of asymmetry

further females have a lower sexual activity level whiles males have a higher level

Question 8

how does honest signaling play into mate selection

Answer 8

-honest signals convays a message to the female about the quality of the male

Question 9

what are the kinda of fitness benefits to mate selection

Answer 9

direct and indirect

Question 10

indirect benefits from mate selection

Answer 10

the fitness of the females offring will be increased if males are preferable. this is a genetic benefit

Question 11

direct benefits from mate selection

Answer 11

choosy females will gain fitness as they will gain advantage material. protection and resources from the male.

Question 12

what is a typical result of intrasexual selection

Answer 12

sexual dimorphism is commonly tailored to the ability to fight and win combats against other males.
results in size differences between males and females. larger males are more likey to win during fights

Question 13

what are armaments

Answer 13

these are weapon-like structures that males will develop to engage in combat

Question 14

dominance hierarchy

Answer 14

a sorting method base on the results of male fighting

Question 15

what is a negative towards intrasexual selection

Answer 15

fighting is very costly. often males will sued threat displays to mitigate the possibilities of fighting.

this can be audio, visible or hierarchical

Question 16

mating systems

Answer 16

Patterns exhibited in a population in relation to their reproductive behavior

encompasses diff between male and female reproduction investment

Question 17

what are the 5 mating systems

Answer 17

monogamy
polygyny
polyandry
polygynandry
promiscuity

Question 18

monogamy

Answer 18

only one mate in a life time for both sexes

Question 19

polygyny

Answer 19

males breed many times during mating season. femlaes will commonly breed once

Question 20

polyandry

Answer 20

females have many partners while males will mate once

Question 21

polygynandry

Answer 21

both males and females have several partners for who they share bonds with

Question 22

promiscuity

Answer 22

males and females have many partners but no bond form

Question 23

what are co-occurring species

Answer 23

speices that share the ability to live and reproduce in similar environ conditions

Question 24

where will organimasn live// occupy

Answer 24

areas/ landsapces which the environ conditions match the niche requirement of the species

Question 25

what happens when niches overlaps

Answer 25

in many cases if speices are able to exists in. thesame area with over lapping niches they will differ in thier life history: number and size of offspring timing of reporduction patterns of survival

Question 26

what is an ecological niche

Answer 26

a range of abiotic/ biotic facotrs that permit a species to survive and reproduce

Question 27

fundamental Niche

Answer 27

the entire set of conditions under which a species can survive and reproduce

Question 28

realized niche

Answer 28

the actual set of conitiond/ areas that a species is found, commonly influenced by biotic interactions and food availability

Question 29

generalist vs specialist speices

Answer 29

generalist will tend to have lower populations ize but have a greater ability to utilize to wide variety of resources/ conditions. specialist will be concentrated in a special environment and will have a limited conditions/ resource they can tolerate

Question 30

how can species reduce competition is overlapping niches

Answer 30

by partitioning the niche. in many cases this will be due to the inability of species being able to coexist. this may result in a narrowing of niches or a shift of niches ex. galapagoes with diff sized beaks eat diff sized seeds to remain in the same area. they partiotn the food resource to reduce comp and both species will benefit from an increased fitness

Question 31

what is convergent evolution

Answer 31

speies that occupy similar niehces and as a result will adapt and evolve in similar ways due to the selective pressures they experience. in many cases they will resemble each other

Question 32

what is life history

Answer 32

how and when an org grows, develops, reporduces and survives encompasses longevity rate of repordutoin offspring sie timing of repdict (seasonally and age0 typ of report (asex or sex_

Question 33

what is an semelparous speices

Answer 33

those that breed a single time and then will die. most of the time they will have many offspring

Question 34

what is an iteroparous species

Answer 34

those that breed multiple times in their life. most of the time they will have fewer offspring

Question 35

r selective species

Answer 35

species that have a tendency to grow rapidly and have many small offspring at once. they are more tolerant to areas experiencing stress or disruptions they will reproduce at an early age one commonly only once before death

Question 36

k selective species

Answer 36

these speices thend to maintain a population density. they are larger and slower to develop. in many cases, they will reproduce at older ages and have greater parental investment in their young. they are iteroparous

Question 37

how does the principle of allocation impact reporduction?

Answer 37

will influence the number and size of offspring an org can have. if more energy is invested into the report, the org won't grow as much or have less energy for maintenance of offspring <-> size of offspring survival<-> reporduction

Question 38

what does seed size represent?

Answer 38

it is associated with the plant's dispersal method. those that use unassited will have the smallest seeds as a method to increase dispersion. adhesion based seeds are commonly largest

Question 39

what are the 6 types of dispersal mechanisms

Answer 39

unassisted- no special strucutres windispersed ant dispersed vertebrate dispersed scatterhoraded adhesion adapted-

Question 40

winddisperal seed strucutres

Answer 40

wings or hairs that provide resistance

Question 41

ant dispersed mechanisms

Answer 41

will have a oil contining structure that is attached to the surface of ants

Question 42

vertebrate dispersed seed mechanisms

Answer 42

fleshy covering around the seed that attract birds

Question 43

scatterhoraded mechanisms

Answer 43

seed that have the tendancy to be gathered by and dispersed by mammals

Question 44

adhesion adapted dispersal mechanisms

Answer 44

seeds with hook or spines to attach to fur

Question 45

what is the survival/ reproduction trade off

Answer 45

species with a high mortality rate will tend to have a young repod age and have small offspring (quantity investment) those with a lower mortality will often have a delayed reprod maturity and be able to have fewer offspring which require more parental care (quality investment)