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MRU > part 5 > Flashcards

part 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

physiological ecology

A

studies what an organism needs and its tolerances for its environment

how its body respond to different environ conditions

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2
Q

principle of allocation

A

the idea that orgs have a finite energy source and the distribution of the energy enxpadature will always have benefits and drawbacks

as org adapts to a set of environment their fitness for that environ only will increase

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3
Q

what is an energy budget

A

the amount of energy an org has based on what they eat/ phosyn

it is then divided into biological processes. energy spent in one section cannot be spent in another

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4
Q

what is an evolutionary trade off

A

the adaptations an organism makes to increase its fitness in one environment, which will decrease its fitness in others,

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5
Q

range of tolerance

A

the entire range of conditions an org can survive in. beyond this range the or will parish

includes factors: temp, light, moister/ water availability and nutrient availability

within the range exists an ideal range of environmental condictions that exist above and below and organism’s optimal performance

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6
Q

what is maintenance

A

the basal metabolic cost needed for simply staing alive

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7
Q

reproduction costs

A

production in the reprod organs, mechnaisms that attract mates, and the physical development of offspring

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8
Q

what are activity costs

A

the energy required to move, eat, and defend. anything that is not associated with sleeping/ dormancy

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9
Q

what does “steno-“ mean

A

narrow range

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10
Q

what does “Eury-“ mean

A

wide range

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11
Q

what does “-haline” mean

A

salinity

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12
Q

what does “-topic” mean

A

habitat

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13
Q

what is the law of toleration

A

an organisms survival is dependent on the environmental conditions allowing for maximal, minimal, and optimum population sizes.

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14
Q

Microclimate

A

a climatic variation on a scale of a few kilometers, meters or centimeters measured over short periods of time

these areas are heavily influence by latitudes, vegetation, soil colour, boulders and burrows

these areas are generally are small and differ in ‘climate’ when comped to its surrounding area

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15
Q

macroclimate

A

the typical weather for an area to be considered normal

determined by air and water circulation patterns

the general climate of a large area

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16
Q

how does vegetation reduce ground temp

A

the leaves will absorb incoming radiation

tf shrubs (increased branching) results in cooler temps

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17
Q

what are burrows

A

aka setts and have more moderate temps that the outer ambient conditions

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18
Q

how does temp impact animal performance

A

animals/ orgs ahve enzymes which operate best at certain temps (they have thier own limited range)

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19
Q

adaptation

A

the change in allele frequency in the gene pool of a population form generation to the next

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20
Q

acclimation

A

short-term physiological changes in response to temps. this is a reversible change with other environ changes

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21
Q

psychrophilic microbial activity

A

cold-loving bac

commonly found in Antarctica

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22
Q

thermophilic microbial activity

A

very high temp loving bac

in hot springs

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23
Q

hyperthermophile microbial activity

A

the most heat loving bac

perfer about 80C

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24
Q

what is thermo regulation

A

regulation of the internal body temp within a rage that allows the body biochem reactions to proceed

these reactions are temp sensitive

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25
what is the heat gain/ loss equation
Hs= Hm+- Hcd +- Hcv +- Hr -He Hm is always heat gained via meta He is always heat los via evap
26
what is meta heat
the heat released durive cell resp Hm
27
is conduction
heat movement when 2 objects touch Hcd
28
what is convection
Heat flow btwn a sloid body and moving fluid (wind, moving water or org) Hcv
29
what is evap
heat lost when water evap form a surface
30
what are ectotherms
orgs that use the external environment as the main source of heat they balance the movement of heat absorbed and released commonly reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates
31
what are endotherms
orgs that use meta as main source of heat partake in anatomical and behavioral tricks
32
what are homeotherms
orgs that maintain a steady/ constant internal temp ex. torpor
33
what are poikilotherms
boy temp will vary in response to the environ
34
what are heterotherms
orgs whos body temp is regulated only when active
35
which they of Thermo regulator is analogous to plants thermo regulation
ectotherms
36
thermal neutral zone
the range of temps over which the meta rate does not change. when temps are in the range the meta rate is stabilized
37
when does meta rate increase? decrease?
it will increase in response to temp increase or decrease. temp inc= inc rate via panting and sweating temp dec= inc rate via shivering the rate will not decrease.
38
what is the general trend with MR and animal size
larger animals have faster MR, tho this is an allometric relationship
39
what is an allometric relationship
the disproportional energy requirements to animal size (maintenance or growth) may be pos or neg in relation to an isometric relationship
40
what is mass specific MR
the rate which orgs comsume energy per gram of body weight. generally smaller orgs consume more food per body weight than large animals
41
what is torpor
the decreased physiological activity in aminals defined by reduced body temp and MR usually a result of resource scarcity entered as a method to conserve energy
42
what is hibernation
long term torpor
43
how does water impact regualtion of body temp in orgs
water is a heat sink, able to absorb heat w/o changing temp 3000 times more than air conductive heat loss os much fast in water than in air
44
why can birds and mammals be endothermic in aquatic systems
they dont expose. large resp SA to the water. exposed surfaces have rapid heat loss, such as gills they are well insluated by fat or fur tat traps warm air
45
what is countercurrent heat exchange
a strategy aquatic animal use to rude heat loss from thier body to the surrounding aquatic environ. In distal appendages heat from the arteries is able to dissipate and transfer into the viens. heat will travel parrelel to the flow of blood. this is achieved by conduction and convection
46
how to plants in the tundra regulate temp
they try to stay warm inc radiative hating (Hr) decrease convective cooling (Hcv) to do this they generally have darker pigments and till partake in phototropism, orienting thier leaves to exposed max SA to incoming sun (to absorb more heat) they will grow in cushion patterns to provided shelter and decrease SA:V (slow air movement through the plant bundle)
47
how do dessert plants stay cool
dec radiative and conductive heating inc radiative cooling highly reflective/ light leaves leave are parrelel to the sun or will fold inwards mid day will grow in isolated patterns w/ leave above the ground
48
what is the relationship between orgs fitness and water
they must maintain an appropriate concentration of water and dissolved solutes by balancing water loss and uptake
49
what is water relations
the balance of water loss and uptake by an org encompasses: uptake(drinking and absorb), loss (evap and excreation) and transport (accros a conc or pressure grad)
50
what is osmoregulation
the mechanisms that orgs use to regulate the diff between the (water:solute) and that of the environ
51
osmolarity
the concntration of solute per L of water
52
osmotic pressure
the movement of dissolved solute across an semi-permeable membrane . this will follow a gradient to obtain equilibrium between 2 environ
53
directionality of osmosis
high water posential to low water poential
54
what were the 2 major issues org faced when moving onto land?
large water loss via evaporation (not an issue in aquatic) reduced access to replace any lost water
55
how do animals lose water
evap for breathing or skin
56
how to animals gain water
through the consumption of food or water some animals area able to absorb water from the atmos via particular skin/ epidermal; adaptations
57
how do plants loose water
transpiration wind=evaporation secraections or excess nutrients (sap)
58
how do plants gain water
aborbed by roots absorbed by leaves if air is moist
59
what is metabolic water
the water sourced from cell resp/ metabolization of food a common adaptation of animals that live in dry hot climates
60
how is the loop of Henle related to water retention
orgs in dry hot environ will have a long loop tho increase water and salt reabsorption, ruling in very concentrated urine
61
how much biomass can the roots of a plant account for?
upwards to 90% especially for desert, grassland and tundra plants. the root systems of these plants grow very large root networks to maximize water uptake 25% in coniferous forests
62
do micro-climate conditions impact root depth?
yes. clones in plots of dry land have larger rot networks when adjacent to those with moist soil. further in moist climates the biomass above ground is greater
63
how do animals reduce water loss
water proofing ( coating themselfs in water proof hide, acting like a wax) behaviour also plays a large role
64
how do plants reduce water loss
those in dry climates tend to have large amounts of water proofing hydrocarbons in their cuticle they will also close and open their stomata depending on the time of day
65
osmoregulation
org that maintains/regulates their internal solute/ water concentration independent of the external environment
66
osmoconformers
ors that don't active regulate their internal solute concentrations and will rather adopt the conditions of their environment
67
hypoosmotic
the conc of solute in greater in the org than in environ. water will enter the org
68
hyperosmotic
when the environ concentration of solutes is greater than what is in the org. water will leave the org

MRU (12 decks)

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