water

Question 1

how is earth water distributed

Answer 1

unevenly acorss the globe. the majority is stored in the ocean and smaller qualities ar stored in lake, drivers, glaciers and ground water

Question 2

how much of earths water is fresh, how is it distirbuted

Answer 2

!% of all water is fresh

65% is in glaciers
30% is in ground water and 5% is in lakes an rivers (which humans rely on the most)

Question 3

how much fresh water does CAN hold

Answer 3

20% of all fresh water, but only occupies 7% of total; land mass

Question 4

what is a reservoir

Answer 4

a temporary storage unit for water

water may enter via flow or precipitation and exit via evap or flow
ex are lake, rivers, atmos, oceans

Question 5

what is turnover time

Answer 5

the duration of time for the entire volume of water in a reservoir to be renewed.

this time will vary from res to res depending on the depth and climate

Question 6

what are the defining factors of aquatic environ?

Answer 6

light
temp
water movment
chem factors like O2 conc and salinity

Question 7

how to aquaitic org get O2

Answer 7

via gills (ost effecitent organ)

Question 8

how are marine mammals adapted to their environ

Answer 8

they tend to have high conc of hemoglobin to store large amounts of O2. they may also have the ability to reduce blood flow to certain regions of the body.

Question 9

how are plant adapted to their environ

Answer 9

some plants may require the transport of O2 to their roots.

Question 10

how does water flow in osmosis

Answer 10

water will flow from a low solute conc to a high solute conc to attempt to reach equilibrium. This may pose as a challenge for some aquatic animals living in salt water environ

Question 11

what are the 5 major oceans

Answer 11

artic
Atlantic
Indian
pacific
southern

Question 12

what are gyres

Answer 12

the movnemnt of ocena surafce water via prevailing winds
this movement is able to transport O2, heat and organisms

Question 13

how does ocean water circulate in the northern hemi vs southern hemi

Answer 13

north= clock wise

south= counter clock

Question 14

what are the 3 horizontai; zones of the ocean

Answer 14

intertidal
Neritic
Oceanic

Question 15

what is the intertial zone

Answer 15

thr showlow shoreline. commonly impavted by waves and tides

Question 16

is the Neritic zone

Answer 16

the regions from the coast to the margin of the continental shelf

Question 17

What is the oceanic zone

Answer 17

any area beyond the Neritic Zone

Question 18

what are pelagic habitats

Answer 18

any aquitic habitiat that is off the bottom of the ocean floor

Question 19

what is benthic habitats

Answer 19

any habitat that exists on the ocean floor

Question 20

what are the 5 vertical zones of the ocean

Answer 20

Epipelagic
Mesopelagic
Bathypelagic
Abyssal
Hadal

Question 21

what is the epipelagic zone

Answer 21

surface-200m

Question 22

what is the Mesopelagic zone

Answer 22

200m-1000m

Question 23

what is the Bathypelagic zone

Answer 23

1000m-4000m

Question 24

what is the abyssal zone

Answer 24

4000m-6000m

Question 25

what is the hadal zone

Answer 25

6000m-floor

Question 26

what is the photic zone

Answer 26

generally in the upper 10m of the ocean where light is able to penetrate, these warmer waters support autotrophs which whenerate 25% of the earths primary productivity

Question 27

what is the thermocline

Answer 27

a layer of water which rapidly changes temp with increasing depth

Question 28

thermal stratification

Answer 28

the layering of water due to the differences in temp cold water is denser than warm water though, once greater depths are reached, the variations in the temp declines

Question 29

what is salinity

Answer 29

the concentration of salt on a body of water generally between 34-36 g per 1 kg of h2o

Question 30

what are estuaries

Answer 30

the transition state between fresh and salt water

Question 31

where is oxygen most available in the ocean

Answer 31

at the surface

Question 32

why may oxygen availability be reduced in near-shore environ

Answer 32

high amounts of decomposing orgainc matter may cause for a increase consumption of O2 in the water

Question 33

what is a wetted channle

Answer 33

the with messurament the area of a river that is always saturated or occupied by water

Question 34

what is the acitve channle

Answer 34

are area of the river that is occupied by water once a year around flooding season

Question 35

at is a riparian zone

Answer 35

the area beside a river that has vegetation with established root systems the transition zone between the river and terrestrial areas

Question 36

what is a riffle

Answer 36

the area od a river that is shallow and generally faster flowing

Question 37

hat is a run

Answer 37

the intermenidate segment of a river which connects riffles and pools

Question 38

what is a pool

Answer 38

the area of a river that is deeper and slower flowing water

Question 39

where are most orgns found living in the river

Answer 39

the benthic zone

Question 40

where are O2 lvls the highest in river systems

Answer 40

at the headwaters these areas are generally closer too as many rivers are sourced from glaciers

Question 41

what is the river continuum concept

Answer 41

a model that predicts the changes in physical structure, dominant orgs and ecosystem processes in temperate rivers

Question 42

which orgs are dominant in head waters

Answer 42

shredder and collectors along with fish that need high O2 lvl and can tolerate colder temps generally these orgs will feel on CPM

Question 43

which orgs are dominant in medium streams

Answer 43

collectors and razers along with fish who and tolerat higher temos and lower o2 these orgs feed on FPM

Question 44

which orgs are dominant in larger rivers

Answer 44

collectors mostly along wth autotrophs. along woht fish that tolerate very O2 lvl concentrations and warm temps note that microbes are a prodominat in all regions of a river.

Question 45

how much fresh water do our great lakes contain

Answer 45

20% of global fresh surface water

Question 46

what are the vertical zones of a lake

Answer 46

epilimnion metalimnion hypolimnion

Question 47

epilimnion

Answer 47

the upper most section of a like where sun light is able to penetrate. this zone. is warmer

Question 48

metalimnion

Answer 48

the middle section of a lake. in the zone, temp and chemical factors rapidly change in increasing depth.

Question 49

hypolimnion

Answer 49

the lowest zine of. a lake and is dark and cold and lacks oxygen

Question 50

what are the 2 lateral zones of a lake, which is where

Answer 50

the littoral zone is close to the shoreline and the limnetic zone is beyond the shoreline

Question 51

what are the three tyes of lakes based on their rate of primary production

Answer 51

eutrophic distrophic oligotrophic

Question 52

eutrophic

Answer 52

lakes with a high nut content and high biol production(low oxygen) these lakes tend to be shallower and warmer, able to the favour catfish and more aquatic veg. high quantities of benthic organisms

Question 53

distrophic

Answer 53

brown and acidic water that had low productivity and low oxygen

Question 54

oligotrophic

Answer 54

lakes with low nut content (like P and N which are needed to support phytoplankton) but a lot. of oxygen. over this had low primary production these lakes tend to be larger (depth) and cooler, more suitable to fish like trout lower amount of bethnic orgns

Question 55

what kind of mixing is ecologically important in lakes

Answer 55

wind-driven. note that during the summer as the lakes become more stratified, the thermocline gradient limits the mixing to the upper layer(s) winter= ice formation preventing mixing

Question 56

how do lake water mix in the fall and spring

Answer 56

in these seasons the lake temp is fairly uniform, so the lake water is able to mix uniformly too. This allows for an even distribution of oxygen through the lake

Question 57

what are the 2 forms of wetlands

Answer 57

peat and not peat

Question 58

what is peat and what are the 2 kinds

Answer 58

peat is partially decomposed org matter that builds up in poorly trained habitats there is bogs and fens

Question 59

what are the features of peat lands

Answer 59

well devloped moss and sedges slow growth and decomp via low ph, colder temps and low oxygen commonly found in boreal forests and trundra

Question 60

bogs

Answer 60

found in depressions where the only source of water is precipitation. always acidic (less than 4.5 pH)

Question 61

fens

Answer 61

and area that gains water from ground water or other surface water sources

Question 62

what are tidial salt marshes

Answer 62

coatsal wetlands that are wash with salt water. they are generally part of estuaries overall they act as. protection barrier to wave action, erosion and flooding

Question 63

Minamata disease

Answer 63

a neurological disease caused by mercury poisoning

Question 64

what is eutrophication

Answer 64

uncontrolable ageal blooms source from the excessive dumping of fertilizers into water systems this creates oxygen-depleted dead zones from decaying organic matter

Question 65

what are some challenges our water systems are facing

Answer 65

fertilizer run off overexploitation/ fishing Ocean acidification from inc CO2 lvl