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Zool lab > Lab 4 > Flashcards

Lab 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Generalized tetrapod locomotion

A

Fore and hind limbs roughly equal in length and relatively small compared to the body size

Limbs splayed outward from the body

Zygopophyses of the vertebral column are small providing some support

Body only slightly elevated off the ground during movement

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2
Q

Advantages of snake locomotion

A

The ability to move through dense vegetation or in tight spaces

Movement is relatively quiet when compared to limbed lizards

Serpentine movements works well in water much like anguilliform swimming

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3
Q

Locomotion of snakes

A

Complete loss of pectoral pelvic girdles and limbs

Dramatic elongation of the thoracic region of the vertebral column

Loss of sternum- ribs only attached to vertebrae

Ribs elongate and in contact with ground

Specialized ventral scales called scutes

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4
Q

5 types of snake locomotion

A

Serpentine

Rectilinear

Concertina

Sidewinding

Lass locomotion

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5
Q

Serpentine

A

Like anguilliform swimming

Move in a s-shaped curve

Simplest and fastest form of locomotion

Used by snakes that swim too

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6
Q

Rectilinear

A

Allows the snake to move forward when lateral undulations are restricted

Using bands of muscles that attach the scutes to the ribs, the snake inches each scute forward and presses it down on the substrate while lifting up and advancing the next scute

The pattern is repeated to slowly advance

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7
Q

Concertina

A

Employed in tight spaces where some lateral movement is available

The posterior part of the body forms curves that press laterally, anchoring the snake against the wall while the anterior end extends forward.

The anterior end then does this step and this cycle is repeated

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8
Q

Sidewinding

A

Employed by snakes that need to move over very sandy and loose soils

Snake’s body is raised off of substrate, leaving only two or three points of contact

Loops of the body held off the ground move forward along successive points of contact creating a distinct track way of separate depressions in the sand

Also maintains temp with limited contact on the ground

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9
Q

Lass locomotion

A

Snake creates a lass-like loop around trees or poles

Snake grips the structure and moves its body upward

Energetically expensive

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10
Q

Frog features for locomotion

A

Hind limb greatly enlarged while fore limb is smaller or reduced

Shortened vertebral column with not ribs

Loss of tail

Pelvic girdle elongate robust

Fusion of several caudal vertebrae into Urostyle

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11
Q

Feeding adaptations

A

Eyes placed high on head

Pedicellate teeth

Muscular tongue

No secondary palate

Tadpoles

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12
Q

Eyes placed high on head

A

Many amphibians are ambush predators who obscure their bodies under the water’s surface

Eyes placed on the top of the head allow them to watch for prey above the water

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13
Q

Pedicellate teeth

A

Unique to lissamphibians

Small teeth functioned to grip

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14
Q

Muscular tongue

A

Most anurans (frogs/toads)

Some urodeles (salamanders)

Extend the tongue during prey capture

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15
Q

No secondary palate

A

Allows specialized muscles to draw the eyes downward into oral cavity

Many anurans use their eyes to aid in swallowing

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16
Q

Tadpoles

A

Most larval amphibians are herbivorous

Adult amphibians are carnivorous

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17
Q

Anapsids

A

No openings in the skull

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18
Q

Synapsids

A

One opening in the skull

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19
Q

Diapsids

A

2 openings in the skull

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20
Q

Turtle feeding structures

A

Anapsid skull

Keratinized beaks

Muscular tongue

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21
Q

Anapsid skull turtle

A

Because turtles and tortoises feed on soft foods that are swallowed whole

As a result a stronger bite force isn’t required

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22
Q

Keratinized beaks turtles and tortoises

A

Turtles lack teeth but use a sharp beak to slice or crush their food

Many turtles have keratinized structures such as plates for crushing or sharp tooth-like spines to prevent escape

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23
Q

Muscular tongue (turtles and tortoises)

A

Non-protrusible tongue and is used to transport food into the esophagus

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24
Q

Lizard feeding adaptations

A

Diapsid skull

Cranial kinesis

Well developed teeth

Protrusible tongues

Jacobsen’s organ

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25
Diapsid skull lizards
The two temporal fenestrae allow for greater muscles attachment and connection related expansion Provides increased bite-force Loss of the lower temporal bar allows for greater flexibility in the skull
26
Cranial kinesis lizards
Independent movement of parts of the cranium Larger mouth opening but may also act in absorbing impact forces created by rapid jaw closure or struggling prey
27
Well developed teeth lizards
Continually replaced Pointed and slightly curves
28
Protrusible tongues lizards
May be used for prey capture or olfaction
29
Jacobsen's organ
Pocket of nasal sensory tissue Shared with many mammals Picks up scent molecules from the environment and delivers them directly to the Jacobsen's organ
30
Snake feeding adaptations
Diapsid skull highly modified Extreme cranial kinesis Constriction Venom
31
Diapsid skull highly modified snakes
Loss of the upper and lower temporal bars is associated with increased mobility of the snake cranium
32
Extreme cranial kinesis snakes
Snake skulls are extremely flexible and capable of complex movements associated with swallowing large prey whole Lack of contact between left and right halves of lower jaw One negative of this is snake skulls are fragile
33
Constriction snakes
Suffocating prey to make consuming easier
34
Venom snakes
Deliver toxins to incapacitate prey and then swallow whole
35
Crocodilian feeding features
Diapsid skull Eyes dorsal Strongly socketed teeth Rostrum shape Secondary palate
36
Diapsid skull crocs
Two temporal fenestrae make robust jaw closing strong
37
Strongly socketed teeth
Replace teeth continuously Teeth are deeply and firmly socketed Sharp conical teeth
38
Rostrum shape
The shape of the snout is highly correlated to the type of prey they feed on Broad snouted crocs prey on relatively large vertebrates and the shape of their rostrums may maximize gape size and structural strength Narrow snouted crocs eat fish and allow for more rapid movement and jaw closure under water
39
Secondary palate crocs
Allows them to continue breathing while keeping their mouth open under water but also protects the brain and sensory structures of the head from damage due to large, struggling or hard-bodied prey in the mouth
40
Advantages of auditory communication amphibians
Sound passes around objects and vegetation Can provide greater specificity and complexity than chemical communication Can be precisely timed Effective at night or in dark environments Can travel over long distances
41
Disadvantages of auditory communication amphibians
Sound may alert predators Calls can be energetically expensive
42
Cryptic coloration types amphibians
Camouflage Countershading
43
Camouflage
Pigmentation that matches well with their environment
44
Countershading amphibians
Like many aquatic and semi-aquatic vertebrates, amphibians often display a dark dorsal surface and lighter ventral surface
45
Aposematic coloration amphibians
Highly poisonous frogs are brightly colored to warn off predators
46
Mimicry amphibians
Adaptations of colors and patterns to make an individual appear to be of different species in order to deceive predators
47
Threat mimicry
Mimics another animal that poses a threat to the predator
48
Aposematic mimicry
The individual mimics the coloration of a toxic species
49
Integumentary adaptations in amphibians
Highly glandular skin Estivation Pelvic patches Vascularized skin folds Epidermal claws
50
Highly glandular skin
Skin is rich in poison and mucous glands There are two types of poison glands
51
Two poison glands
Dorsolateral ridges Parotoid glands
52
Dorsolateral ridges
Many frogs bear conspicuous paired ridges running from near the eyes to posterior tip of the body
53
Parotoid glands
Typical of toads, parotoid glands lie just behind the head on either side of the body
54
Estivation
Some species retain successive molts of the outer layer of skin and form a temporary cocoon during periods of dormancy
55
Pelvic patches
Zones of increased surface area where the skin rests on the moist substrate Increases uptake of moisture
56
Vascularized skin folds
Conspicuous folds of excess skin increasing surface are for respiration
57
Epidermal claws
Keratinized epidermal claws present in some species
58
Integumentary adaptations in reptiles
Scales Spines Rattle Scutes Bony plates Claws Beaks
59
Scales
Epidermal structures composed mostly of keratin
60
Spines
Protection against predators
61
Rattle
Used to warn off predators
62
Scutes
Modified for locomotion
63
Bony plates
Dermal bone is sometimes produced in conjunction with scales to increase their protective capacity
64
Two types of bony plates
Osteoderms Carapace/Plastron
65
Osteoderms
Lie underneath scales are produced by dermis
66
Carapace/plastron
The carapace (upper shell) and plastron (lower shell) are complex structures composed of endochondral bone, dermal bone and scales
67
Claws
Made up of the upper Unguis and lower Subunguis
68
Beaks
Turtles and tortoises use in place of teeth

Zool lab (8 decks)

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