Lab 9 Flashcards

(49 cards)

1
Q

Pelage

A

Entire covering of hair

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2
Q

Mammals are most easily identified by the presence of

A

Hair

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3
Q

Integumentary glands

A

Sweat glands

Sebaceous glands

Mammary glands

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4
Q

Sweat glands

A

Aid in thermoregulation by transporting water from skin to surface

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5
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Produce oily substances released into hair follicles

Oils condition the hair and help maintain properties of the pelage like water resistance

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6
Q

Mammary glands

A

A defining characteristic of mammals, mammary glands are likely modified sweat glands

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7
Q

Pelage

A

Guard hair

Under hair

Vibrissae

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8
Q

Guard hair

A

The outer covering of the coat made up of longer, straight stiffer hairs with a smooth appearance

Protect the skin from water and sunlight and may be raised as a part of threat display

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9
Q

Under hair

A

Shorter and lacking in stiffness, under hairs are wavy and more numerous than guard hairs, under hair functions as insulation

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10
Q

Vibrissae

A

Whiskers

Serve as tactile sensory function

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11
Q

Cryptic coloration includes

A

Camouflage

Disruptive coloration

Countershading

Seasonal coloration

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12
Q

Mammalian head ornamentation

A

True horns

Pronghorns

Antlers

Ossicones

Rhinoceros horn

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13
Q

True horns

A

Unbranched and permanent, true horns are composed of a bony process with a keratinized covering or sheath

May be present on both sexes or only in males

Display seasonal growth rings

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14
Q

Pronghorns

A

Shed annually

Found in both males and females

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15
Q

Antlers

A

Antler vary in shape but all are highly branched and composed of bone with no keratinized sheath

Shed annually and covered with velvet (highly vascularized skin)

Typically only seen in males, except in caribous

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16
Q

Ossicones

A

Not true horns

Giraffe horns that are permanent, unbranched bony processes of the skull covered by skin

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17
Q

Rhinoceros horn

A

Composed of keratin with no bony core

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18
Q

Mammalians are grouped into

A

Prototheria

Theria (further branched into Metatheria and Eutheria)

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19
Q

Prototheria order

A

Order Monotremata

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20
Q

Order Monotremata

Platypus and Echidnas

A

Toothless and elongate jaw

Platypus with dorsoventrally flattened bill and tail

Echidnas with long tubular jaw and reduced tail

Platypus with shiny smooth pelage

Electroreceptors on leathery bills

21
Q

Theria-Metatheria

Orders

A

Order Didelphimorphia

Order Diprotodontia

22
Q

Order Didelphimorphia

Opossums

A

Plantigrade feet

Prehensile tail and opposable digit on their hind feet to aid in climbing

Marsupium

Fewer guard hairs

Tail long and scaled

Long snout

Prominent sagittal crest

23
Q

Order Diprotodontia

Koala Wombats and Kangaroos

A

Two incisors of the lower jaw are procumbent (project forward)

Presence of diastema

Lack canine teeth

Relatively small braincase

Dorsal edge of the zygomatic arch (cheekbone) nearly as high as the top of the braincase

24
Q

Order Afrosoricida

Tenrecs and Golden Moles

A

Convergent with true moles

Smooth shiny pelage

Reduced eyes and ears

Large broad claws

Short limbs

Short tail

25
Order Macroscelidea Elephant shrews
Long proboscis-like snout Large vibrissae and eyes Long legs and hind feet Long tails lacking fur
26
Order Tubulidentata Aardvarks
Reduced dentition of simple peg-like teeth Long snout Reduced pelage Large ears Pig-like snout Large claws Thick tail
27
Order Hyracoidea Hyraxes
Stout-bodied Feet with thick pads Hoof-like claws Numerous vibrissae along entire body Small rounded ears reduced tail
28
Order Sirenia Dugong and Manatees
Heavy skull with no incisors or canines Tip of upper and lower jaws are laterally compressed into a flange for attachment of muscular lips Orbits nearly closed Large nasal opening
29
Order Proboscidea Elephants
Large skull with prominent nasal opening Upper incisors modified as pair of tusks Luck canines Lower jaw tip flanged for attachment of large tip muscles
30
Order Pilosa Sloths and Anteaters
Xenarhrous processes (extra processes of lumbar vertebrae create) Anteater with elongate toothless snout Sloth with short snout and simplified/reduced teeth Both with elongate claws of the fore feet
31
Order Cingulata Armadillos
Armored Narrow snout with reduced peg-like teeth Robust spade-shaped claws
32
Order Rodentia Rodents
Ever-growing incisors of the upper and lower jaw Large diastema Lack canines Broad flattened area in front of orbit along the side of the rostrum/snout for jaw muscle attachment Tail lacks fur
33
Order Lagomorpha Rabbits, Hares and Pikas
Area in front of orbit with lace-like bone and numerous fenestrations Double upper incisors Rabbits and hairs with large long ears, short tail and large hind limbs Pikas with rounded ears, reduced, lack saltatory adaptations of rabbits/hares
34
Order Scandentia Tree shrews
Pointed snout Large rounded ears Somewhat plumose tail Counter shaded pelage
35
Order Dermoptera Flying lemurs or Colugos
Patagium of skin between neck/forelimb/hindlimb and tail Eyes face forward Long thin limbs Lower incisors form a tooth-comb for grooming
36
Order Primates Lemurs, Monkeys, Apes Humans
Eyes facing forward Rostrum reduced in monkeys, apes and humans Brow ridge above the eyes Cranium large and domed Claws replaced by nails Most with opposable thumbs
37
Order Eulipotyphla Hedgehogs, Moles, and Shrews
Pointed snout Moles with educed extremities and very robust claws Hedgehogs with spines Shrews mouse-like but with pointy nses
38
Order Chiroptera Bats
Distinctive wing skeleton formed b elongation of fingers Thin leathery patagium formed between digits Reduced hind limbs Large ears
39
Order Artiodactyla Pigs Hippos Camels Deer Giraffe Antelopes Cattle
Most with complete orbital bar (orbit separated from temporal fenestra) most with large diastema Many with head ornamentation Reduced upper incisors Sexual dimorphism is common
40
Order Cetacea Whales
Homodonty or tooth loss Baleen, replacing teeth in some Reduction of zygopophyses Loss of hind limb Front limb modified into flipper
41
Order Perrisodactyla Odd-toed Ungulates Horses Rhinos Tapirs
Upper incisors present Diastema in upper and lower jaws Elongate head shape Lower jaw with deep mandible
42
Order Carnivora Dog-like forms Bear Raccoon Weasel Skunk Seal Sealions and Walruses Cat like forms Civets Mongooses Meerkats and Hyenas
Large canine teeth Sectorial cheek teeth Large sagittal crest on top of skull Long sharp claws
43
Family Mustelidae (weasel) Species
Martes americana Mustela nivalis Gulo gulo Taxidea taxus Lontra canadensis
44
Martes americana American marten
Elongate body Relatively large ears Face paler than body Bushy tail
45
Mustela nivalis Least weasel
Elongate body small small tail (not bushy) Fur countershaded or cryptic in winter
46
Gulo gulo Wolverine
Large Not as elongate Longer limbers Bushy tail Back lighter color with darker legs
47
Taxidea taxus American badger
Body wide and held close to ground Contrasting facial markings Short tail
48
Lontra canadensis Northern river otter
Smooth shiny pelage Elongate body and neck Reduced external ears Thick muscular tail Numerous vibrissae around mouth
49
Order Pholidota Pangolins
Body entirely covered in epidermal scales Toothless elongate snout Large claws for digging Arboreal forms with prehensile tails