Lab 5 Flashcards by Jussididh Jjsieidhdh

Esophagus - musculares externa, submucosa, mucosa

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Stomach mucosa- lamina propria, gastric pit, neck, gastric gland, muscularis mucosa

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Small intestine - muscularis externa, intestinal glands, submucosa, muscularis mucosa, intestinal villi

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Large intestine - muscularis externa, tenia coli

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Esophagus – mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa

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Esophagus – mucosa – stratified squamous non-keratinized ep, lamina propria with small blood vessels, muscularis mucosa (smooth muscle)

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Esophagus - submucosa (DICT) with blood vessels

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Parietal (A) & Chief Cells (B) in Stomach

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Fundic gland - lumina (L) of the fundic glands can be recognized. The chief cells (CC) are granular in appearance and are much smaller than the round, plate like parietal cells (PC). Parietal cells, so their name imply, are located at the periphery of the gland. Slender connective tissue elements (CT), housing blood vessels, occupy the narrow space between the closely packed glands.

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Microvilli of the Duodenum - microvilli (curved arrows) of the duodenum. Each microvillus is covered with the plasma membrane which has an external glycocalyx of glycoproteins some of which function as enzymes that participate in the terminal digestion of proteins and carbohydrated. The central core of the microvilli is occupied by actin microfilaments and several actin binding proteins. Microfilaments from the microvilli extend into the apical cytoplasm to from part of the terminal web (TW).

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Rectum -

rectum is the terminal portion of the sigmoid colon, and therefore, it is similar in structure to the colon. At the macroscopic level, this area has longitudinal folds called rectal columns. The mucosa contains numerous goblet cells, and the submucosa may have hemorrhoidal venous plexuses which can extend into the lamina propria. The mascularis externa has
both inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers. Arrows: some of the blood channels.

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Classic liver lobule

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gallbladder

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Pancreas

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Pig liver -

liver is invested by a connective tissue capsule, Glisson’s capsule (GC), from which in the pig, septa (Se) extend to subdivide the gland into more
or less hexagon-shaped classical lobules (Lo). Blood vessels, lymph vessels, and bile ducts travel within the connective tissue septa to reach the apices of the classic lobules, which are known as the portal area (PA). Bile reaches the portal area from within the lobules, whereas blood enters the substance of the lobules from the portal areas. Within each lobule, the blood flows through tortuous channels, the liver sinusoids, to enter the central vein (CV) in the middle of the classical lobule.

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Classical liver lobule - classical liver lobule (outlined by arrowheads) is defined by the arrangement of connective tissue in the portal tract (B) areas and has its centre at the central vein (A) or terminal hepatic venule. Hepatocytes radiate along blood sinusoids from the tracts to the central vein and bile flows in the opposite direction

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Kupffer cells - system of macrophages, known as Kupffer cells (KC), are found interspersed among the endothelial lining cells of Liver sinusoids (Si). these macrophages are larger than the epithelial cells and may be recognized by the presence of phagocytosed material within them. Kupffer cells may be demonstrated by injecting an animal intravenously with indian ink, as in this specimen. Some cells appear as large black smudges because they are filled with phagocytosed ink (arrows), whereas other cells possess only small quantities of the phagocytosed material (arrow heads). Note that much of the sinusoidal lining devoid of ink, indicating that the endothelial cells are probably not phagocytic.

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Bile canaliculi - hepatocyte cell membrane (arrowheads) are clearly evidence in this photomicrograph. Note that in fortuitous sections, bile canaliculi (arrows) are recognizable. These bile canaliculi are small intercellular spaces through which bile flows to the periphery of the lobule. Human Liver.

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Bile canaliculi - Bile is secreted into bile canaliculi (BC). These channels are formed by the retraction of
the plasma membranes (arrows) of the hepatocytes to produce an open space between adjacent cells. Thus, bile canaliculi are not channels lined by a cell population distinct
from hypatocytes, but are an anastomosing series of tunnels lined y the hepatocytes themselves. Microvilli from the surface of the hepatocytes that form the bile canaliculus entre the channel. Tight junctions (arrowheads) between the hepatocytes seal off the area and prevent leakage of bile into the intercellular spaces.

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Kidney

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Kidney

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Kidney

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Empty bladder, full bladder

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Kidney - medulla, cortex, collecting duct in middle, thin segment of loop of henle, ascending or descending loop of henle

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Adrenal gland - inferior suprarenal vein

Thyroid gland

Parathyroid gland - chief cells aka principal cells

Parafollicular cells - BV: Blood vessels; Cl: colloid; CT: connective tissue; F: follicles; FC: follicular cells; N: Nuclei; PF: parafollicular cells (which may be distinguished by its pale cytoplasm and larger nucleus).

Parafollicular cells - The lightly stained cells among the principal cells of the follicular epithelium and the rounded cells (arrowheads) in the interstitial tissue are parafollicular cells. The surrounding cytoplasm is clear. The follicles are distinguished by the presence of colloid (c). PAS Stain.

Oxyphil cells - The parathyroid contains two major types of cell: the chief cell & the oxyphil cell. Oxyphil cells are smaller in population but larger in size. Their location are indicated by arrow on the top. They occur singly (arrow in the middle) or cluster together (arrow on the bottom). H & E Stains.

Oxyphil cells - ## Footnote parenchyma of the parathyroid gland consists of two types of cells, chief cells (CC), also known as principal cells, and oxyphil cells (OC). Chief cells are more numerous and possess darker staining cytoplasm. They form small cords surrounded by slender connective tissue (CT) elements and blood vessels (BV). The nuclei (N) of connective tissue cell has an elongated appearance. Oxyphil cells stain lighter and are usually larger in size and their cell membranes are evident. Monkey Parathyroid gland.

Pituitary gland

Pituitary gland - ## Footnote photomicrograph of the pituitary gland demonstrated the relationship of the gland to the hypothalamus (H) from which it is suspended by the infundibulum. The infundibulum is composed of a neural portion, the infundibular stem (IS) and the sourounding pars tuberalis (PT). The largest portion of the pituitary is the pars anterior (PA), which is glandular and secretes numerous hormones. The neural component of the pituitary gland is the pars nervosa (PN) that does not manu- facture its hormones, but stores and release them. Between the pars anterior and pars nervosa is pars intermedia (PI).

Pituitary gland - ## Footnote Top: The pituitary contains two general regions: the anterior adenohypophysis (A) and the posterior neurohypophysis (N). The adenohypophysis consists of secretory cells and their blood supply. the neurohypophysis contains axons from the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus, their supporting cells and blood vessels. the adenophypophysis is sub- divided into pars distalis (at A) and the pars intermedia (I). In bottom image, the neural characteristics of the pars nervosa ( C ) of the neurohypophysis become more evident. The pars distalis (A) is glandular in structure and the pars intermedia (B) contains collidal cysts.

Herring bodies - The posterior pituitary stores and secretes ADH (Vasopressin) and Oxytocin. They are synthesized by the nerve cell bodies in the hypothalamic nuclei and are transported down the axons of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract. The terminal regions of the axons are dilated and contain secretory granules filled with hormone. These expanded portions of the axons are known as Herring bodies (arrowhead).

Human pituitary gland. Pars intermedia - Situated between the pars anterior (PA) and the pars nervosa (PN) the pars intermedia of the pituitary gland is characterized by basophils (B) that are smaller than those of the pars anterior. It also contains collid (Cl)-filled follicles, lined by pale, small, low cuboidal-shaped cells (CC). Numerous blood vessels (BV) and pituicytes (P) are evident in this area of the pars nervosa.

Pituitary gland: Pars nervosa - The pars nervosa of the pituitary gland is composed of elongated cells with long processes known as pituicytes (P) that are thought to be neuroglial in nature. These cells appear to support numerous unmyelinated nerve fibres traveling from the hypothalamus via the hypothalamo-hypothyseal tract. Neurosecretory materials pass along these nerve fibres and are stored in expanded regions at the termination of the fibres, which are known as Herring bodies (HB).

Esophagus – muscularis externa – inner circumferential layer, outer longitudinal layer

Esophagus – muscularis externa – skeletal muscle bundle within inner circumferential layer. There is both smooth muscle and skeletal muscle, indicating that we are in the middle third of the esophagus.

Esophagus – Auerbach’s plexus bw the inner and outer layer of muscularis externa

Esophagus – submucosa – mucus glands

Esophagus – mucosa consisting of ep, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa

Esophagus – submucosa with large blood vessels and mucus glands

Esophagus – muscularis externa – inner circumferential layer, outer longitudinal layer

Esophagus – adventitia (made of CT) (outside of muscularis externa)

Gastroesophageal junction – mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa

Gastroesophageal junction – esophagus on the right (ep is stratified squamous non keratined), left is stomach (simple columnar ep)

Fundic stomach – short gastric pits, long gastric glands

Fundic stomach – simple columnar ep and all cells at ep are surface mucous cells, at neck of the stomach are mucous neck cells

Fundic stomach – mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa

Fundic Stomach – mucosa- ep, muscularis mucosa

Fundic stomach – Auerbach’s plexus bw the 2 muscularis externa layers

Fundic stomach – surface mucous cells (the only cell type on the surface), gastric pits has surface mucous cells, mucous neck cells starting at neck of the gland

Fundic stomach – gastric gland – parietal cells in neck region of glands – moving downwards is less parietal cells and more chief cells in neck region of glands

Fundic stomach – submucosa has meissner’s plexus aka submucosal plexus

Pyloric stomach – long gastric pits, short gastric glands, mucous cells (no parietal or chief cells)

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Duodenum – mucosa, submucosa with Brunner’s glands, muscularis externa

Ileum – short villi, peyer’s patches

Duodenum – mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa

Duodenum – mucosa – villi extend into lumen, simple columnar ep with goblet cells, brush border made of microvilli, lamina propria within villi, muscularis mucosa. Submucosa made of Brunner’s glands

Duodenum – muscularis externa - inner circumferential layer, outer longitudinal layer, auerbach’s plexus in bw the 2 layers

Jejunum – long villi, simple columnar ep with goblet cells, brush border with microvilli

Jejunum - intestinal glands with Paneth cells

Jejunum – muscularis mucosa of mucosa - submucosa with meissner’s plexus

Jejunum – muscularis externa – inner circumferential, outer longitudinal, Auerbach’s plexus in bw

Ileum – plica circularis, peyer’s patches

Ileum – Plica circularis, peyer’s patches, lacteal

Ileum – lacteal

Colon – tenia coli

Colon – simple columnar ep with goblet cells with microvilli making brush border, intestinal glands only have goblet cells, muscularis mucosa

Colon – submucosa – muscularis externa with 2 layers and auerbach’s plexus in between

Recto-anal junction

Recto-anal junction – left side is colon (simple columnar ep with goblet cells and microvilli), right side is anus (stratified squamous non keratinized ep), next to right side is further into anus with stratified squamous keratinized ep

Recto-anal junction – anal side - stratified squamous keratinized ep with hair follicles and sebaceous glands

Recto-anal junction – anal side – apocrine sweat gland with simple cuboidal ep

Recto-anal junction – anal side – muscularis externa made of skeletal muscle called external anal sphincter

Recto-anal junction – anal side – internal anal sphincter made of smooth muscle

mucosa of esophagus

Duodenum

Liver – central venule with endothelial cells surrounding, hepatocytes, sinusoids (white spaces), endothelial cells line sinusoids (flat, dark nuclei)

Liver – Portal triad – portal venule (endothelial cells lining it), hepatic arteriole, bile ductule (cuboidal epithelium)

Liver – central vein, lipofuscin granules within hepatocyte (indicating oxidation of lipids), space of disse (small space between endothelium of sinusoid and hepatocyte)

Liver – fasted on the left, fed on the right

Liver – fed state – hepatocytes have glycogen accumulation (dark color)

Liver – fasted state – hepatocytes are pale staining, most glycogen has been broken down into glucose by hepatocytes and then released into systemic circulation

Liver – Kupffer cells are blue and are the macrophages of the liver and line the sinusoids

Gallbladder – mucosal folds aka rugae

Gallbladder – simple columnar ep without goblet cells, lamina propria, no submucosa, tunica muscularis or tunica musculara (thick smooth muscle bundles in diff orientations)

Gallbladder – adventitia (DICT) with blood vessels

Exocrine pancreas – lobules separated by CT, dark stains are exocrine pancreas, light stains are endocrine pancreas or islets of Langerhans

Exocrine pancreas – exocrine cells or serous acini

Pancreas – intercalated ducts that go right into serous acini or exocrine cells, centroacinar cell

Pancreas – Intralobular duct (leaves the lobule to drain into interlobular duct)

Pancreas – interlobular duct (surrounded by lots of CT)

Bile ductule

Gallbladder

Intercalated duct within pancreas

Lobe of kidney – cortex, medulla, renal papilla, minor calyx, renal pelvis

Capsule of kidney (DICT)

Medullary rays in cortex of kidney, renal corpuscle

Kidney – renal papilla, minor calyx, ducts of Bellini aka papillary ducts (empty into minor calyx)

Ducts of Bellini – simple columnar ep

Kidney – renal pelvis, hilum

Arcuate vessels located bw cortex and medulla (arcuate vein vs arcuate artery)

Artery vs vein

Renal corpuscle – glomerulus is the capillary portion of it (lined by endothelial cells), mesangial cells (darker cytoplasm), vascular pole (afferent and efferent here), urinary pole (proximal convoluted tubule is extension of urinary pole), distal convoluted tubule with macula densa, afferent arteriole, urinary space, parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule (simple squamous), podocyte (makes up visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule)