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BIOL1115 LAB > Lab 5 > Flashcards

Lab 5 Flashcards

1
Q

which organisms are the only ones that can photosynthesize?

A

plants, algae, cyanobacteria

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2
Q

which molecule can organisms use to fuel their cellular processes?

A

ATP

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3
Q

what are the four stages of cellular respiration?

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. pyruvate oxidation
  3. citric acid cycle
  4. oxidative phosphorylation
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4
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

cytosol of cytoplasm

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5
Q

where does pyruvate oxidation/ acetyl CoA synthesis occur?

A

mitochondrial matrix

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6
Q

where does the citric acid cycle occur?

A

mitochondrial matrix

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7
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

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8
Q

what role does oxygen play in cellular respiration?

A

final electron carrier in electron transport chain stage, combines w H+ to make H2O

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9
Q

about what percentage is captured into ATP by cellular respiration?

A

34%

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10
Q

what happens to rest of energy released from glucose breakdown apart from ATP

A

dissipates in form of heat

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11
Q

what is an indirect indicator that cellular respiration is occurring?

A

air intake, oxygen is used as a reactant in cellular respiration so its consumption indicates cellular respiration activity

production of heat, energy is lost as heat in cellular respiration

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12
Q

what is oxygen saturation level?

A

percent of hemoglobin in arterial blood cells carrying oxygen

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13
Q

how does a pulse oximeter work to measure oxygen saturation level?

A

oximeter sends two wavelengths of light through finger

one wavelength detects RBCs with O2 bound to hemoglobin

one wavelength detects RBCs with NO O2 bound to hemoglobin

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14
Q

what are normal values of oxygen saturation?

A

95-100%

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15
Q

what is pulse rate?

A

heart beats/min

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16
Q

what is ventilation rate?

A

of inhale exhale cycles/min

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17
Q

what is fermentation?

A

transforming of energy into ATP for cellular processes in the absence of oxygen

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18
Q

how does limewater test for the presence of CO2?

A

CO2 reacts with Ca(OH)2 to form (CaCO3) Calcium Carbonate which precipitates out of solution

19
Q

where is the excess HCO3- present in the blood that reacts with extra H+ dissolved in the blood made?

A

kidneys

20
Q

what is a product of alcoholic fermentation in yeast cells?

A

ethanol

21
Q

what is an example of fermentation in humans?

A

when muscles are working vigorously over a short period of time, fermentation is a way to produce ATP when O2 is in limited supply

22
Q

Ca(OH)₂ (aq) + CO₂ (g) -> H₂O + CaCO₃ (s)

A

limewater test for presence of CO₂

23
Q

what is limewater formula?

A

Ca(OH)₂ (aq)

24
Q

what is primary productivity?

A

production of organic compounds by photosynthesis

25
Q

why is photosynthesis important?

A

first and foremost production process upon which all other metabolic pathways depend

26
Q

what are primary and dependent consumers?

A

primary consumers - organisms that can perform photosnythesis

dependent consumers - organisms that cannot perform photosnythesis and depend on consumption of primary consumers

27
Q

what happens to chlorophyll in photosnythesis?

A

chlorophyll molecules become sufficiently energized by light waves to split water molecules

28
Q

why do most plants appear green?

A

chlorophyll reflects green wavelength light because it does not absorb green light best, it absorbs blue and red light best

29
Q

what are accessory pigments in modern organisms?

A

pigments that assist chlorophyll by also absorbing light energy and passing it to chlorophyll

30
Q

what are examples of accessory pigments?

A

carotenoids (in plants)
phycobilins (in red algae)

31
Q

what are the reasons a photosynthetic organism uses a mixture of pigments?

A

for photosynthesis, pollinator attraction, UV protection

32
Q

do anthocyanins contribute to photosynthesis?

A

no

33
Q

what is chromatography?

A

separating of mixtures

34
Q

what do the number of polar groups in a photosynthetic pigment affect?

A

affects their tendency to “stick” to the chromatography paper and affect rate at which they migrate

35
Q

what pigments migrate further up the chromatography paper? Why?

A

pigments with fewer polar groups are more soluble in non-polar solvent and less attracted to the polar chromatography paper so they migrate further up the paper

pigments with more polar groups stick to the paper and move a shorter distance

36
Q

what is the function of guard cells?

A

changes shape to open/close stoma - pores that allow CO2 or O2 to leave/enter photosynthetically active tissue

37
Q

in what two cell layers does majority of photosynthesis occur?

A

palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll

38
Q

what is major function of xylem?

A

one direction, roots to shoots, transport of water and dissolved nutrients

39
Q

what is major function of phloem?

A

two directions, roots and shoots, transport of sugars, amino acids, hormones, etc.

40
Q

are carotenoids water-soluble?

A

yes, they are polar

41
Q

is chlorophyll water-soluble?

A

no, soluble in ethanol

42
Q

what does a positive result for ethanol using reagents potassium dichromate and sulphuric acid look like?

A

transparent

43
Q

what does a negative result for ethanol using reagents potassium dichromate and sulphuric acid look like?

A

yellow

44
Q

why does oxygen saturation level in blood remain the same even after exercise?

A

stays around 95-100, you increase amount of oxygen you need when exercising but you also increase amount of oxygen you take in by breathing heavier so there is little change in oxygen saturation

BIOL1115 LAB (8 decks)

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