Lab 6

Question 1

Lumen

Answer 1

Lumen is cavity inside GI tract where the food/liquid would be.

Question 2

Difference between mucosa and epithelium

Answer 2

Mucosa is inner layer with innermost layer of cells called epithelium (be sure you know difference)

Question 3

Submucosa

Answer 3

Submucosa is layer where blood vessels often are

Question 4

What are the 2 layers that compose the muscularis

Answer 4

Circular muscle form a ring around GI tract.
Longitudinal muscle run down length of GI tract.

Question 5

Serosa

Answer 5

Serosa is outer layer of GI tract.

Question 6

What are the 2 areas within the mouth?

Answer 6

Outside teeth – labial vestibule.
Inside teeth – oral cavity.

Question 7

Hard palate

Answer 7

Anterior roof of mouth; palatine bone under tissue. (2/3)

Question 8

Soft palate

Answer 8

Posterior roof of mouth; just tissue, no bone.
Hanging off back of soft palate is uvula. (1/3)

Question 9

Papillae

Answer 9

Bumps on tongue in a range of sizes

Some papillae have taste buds, some are for texture/friction when moving food around.

Question 10

Vallate papillae

Answer 10

Largest size and arranged in upside down “v” on back of tongue

Question 11

Fungiform papillae

Answer 11

Medium size, spread irregularly over surface

Question 12

Filiform papillae

Answer 12

Smallest size, spread irregularly over surface

Question 13

What are the 2 dentitions in an individual’s life?

Answer 13

There are two dentitions, or sets of teeth, in an individual’s lifetime:
Deciduous (or primary) teeth.
Permanent (or secondary) teeth.

Question 14

What are incisors used for?

Answer 14

Incisors used to cut food

Question 15

What are canines used for?

Answer 15

Canines used to tear or shred food.

Question 16

What are premolars and molars used for?

Answer 16

Premolars used for crushing and grinding food.

Question 17

Where is the parotid gland located?

Answer 17

Over by ear.

Glands are paired (left / right).
Ducts form passageways from glands into oral cavity.

Question 18

Where is the sublingual gland located?

Answer 18

Under tongue

Question 19

Where is the submandibular gland located?

Answer 19

Inside back edge of mandible

Question 20

What is the beginning and end of the nasal pharynx?

Answer 20

Back of nasal cavity to bottom of uvula.

Question 21

What is the beginning and end of the oral pharynx?

Answer 21

Back of oral cavity; tip of uvula to top of epiglottis.

Question 22

What is the beginning and end of the laryngeal pharynx?

Answer 22

Above larynx; top of epiglotis to start of hyoid bone

Question 23

Below the pharynx, this divides into…

Answer 23

Trachea – anterior cartilaginous tube leading to lungs
Esophagus – posterior muscular tube leading to stomach.

Question 24

What are the 2 sphincters of the esophagus?

Answer 24

Upper esophageal sphincter – ring of smooth muscle around proximal start of esophagus.
Lower esophageal sphincter – ring of smooth muscle around distal end of esophagus; where it enters stomach.

Question 25

What are the 3 main areas of the stomach?

Answer 25

Fundus – pouch at top of stomach. Body – area below fundus (middle of stomach). Antrum – final area of stomach before enters duodenum (1st part of small intestine).

Question 26

Pyloric sphincter

Answer 26

Ring of smooth muscle around exit of stomach into duodenum.

Question 27

What are the 2 curvatures we can find in the stomach?

Answer 27

Lesser curvature – upper or inner bend in stomach. Greater curvature – lower or outer bend in stomach.

Question 28

Celiac trunk branches off...

Answer 28

Celiac trunk branches off abdominal aorta.

Question 29

What are the 2 initial branches coming off the celiac trunk?

Answer 29

Left gastric artery (lesser curvature at fundus of the stomach) and common hepatic artery

Question 30

What are the 2 main branches that come off the the common hepatic artery?

Answer 30

Right gastric artery (lesser curvature at antrum - come together and join the left gastric artery) and gastrodueodenal artery (greater curvature and duodenum)

Question 31

From where do the gastric veins come from and what vessel do they join to?

Answer 31

Left gastric vein coming from fundus end of lesser curvature of stomach. Right gastric vein coming from antrum end of lesser curvature of stomach. These 2 veins will join other veins to form portal vein delivering blood to liver.

Question 32

What are the 3 areas of the small intestine in order?

Answer 32

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Answer 33

Structures to create large surface area to maximize absorption: Inner surface composed of folds (circular folds). Surface of circular folds composed of villi. Surface of villi composed of microvilli (not shown) Inside villi are blood capillaries and lacteal (lymphatic vessel – will see later) where substances are absorbed into.

Question 34

What are the other 2 vessels that come off the abdominal aorta below the celiac trunk?

Answer 34

Superior mesenteric artery Comes off higher up on abdominal aorta (just below celiac trunk). Goes to jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, and 1st half transverse colon. Inferior mesenteric artery Comes off lower on abdominal aorta. Goes to 2nd half transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum.

Question 35

The common hepatic artery continues as...

Answer 35

Common hepatic artery continues after these branches come off and will branch into right hepatic artery to right lobe of liver and left hepatic artery to left lobe of liver.

Question 36

What are the 2 ducts within the pancreas and where do both of these lead to?

Answer 36

Pancreatic duct (often opens in close association with common bile duct from liver) and accessory duct; both open into duodenum.

Question 37

What are the 2 ducts coming out of the liver that form part of biliary duct system?

Answer 37

Right hepatic duct – from right lobe of liver. Left hepatic duct – from left lobe of liver. Join to form common hepatic duct.

Question 38

The common bile duct is formed by...

Answer 38

Cystic duct and common hepatic duct; this enters the duodenum --> Flows into and out of the gallbladder

Question 39

Sphincter of oddi

Answer 39

Ring of smooth muscle around opening of common bile duct and pancreatic duct. Controlling opening into duodenum.

Question 40

Cecum

Answer 40

Small pouch below ileocecal valve with appendix hanging off. Haustra are pouches that make up the structure of large intestine along its length.

Question 41

Haustra

Answer 41

Pouches that make up the structure of large intestine along its length

Question 42

Ileocecal valve

Answer 42

Ring of smooth muscle controlling entry from ileum into large intestine

Question 43

What is the path that the large intestine follows?

Answer 43

1. Large intestine is divided into areas: 2. Comes up right side of body as ascending colon. 3. Makes a turn near liver as right colic flexure. 4. Crosses right to left side of body as transverse colon. 5. Transverse colon makes a turn near spleen as left colic flexure. 6. Comes down left side of body as descending colon. 7. Near bottom forms an “S” shaped bend as sigmoid colon. 8. Turns vertical after sigmoid colon to form rectum.

Question 44

What are the other 2 vessels that rejoin the portal vein?

Answer 44

Superior mesenteric vein Coming from jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, 1st half transverse colon. Inferior mesenteric vein Coming from 2nd half transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum.