Lab 6: Histology I (embryonic + connective tissue) Flashcards
(139 cards)
1
Q
histology
A
study of tissues
2
Q
what is tissue
A
A group or layer of cells that work together to perform a specific function.
3
Q
4 basic tissue types
A
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
4
Q
Microtome
A
instrument that sections pieces of tissues
5
Q
epithelial tissue
A
tissue that covers the body, lines body cavities, forms glands
6
Q
connective tissue
A
binds + supports various organs
7
Q
muscle tissue
A
movement
8
Q
nervous tissue
A
sends + receives stimulus
9
Q
3 primary layers in embryo
A
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
10
Q
what does ectoderm (outer) give rise to
A
skin cells of epidermis, neuron n.s, pigment cells
11
Q
what does endoderm (inner)give rise to
A
mucous layers of:
Digestive (intestine+liver)
Respiratory (lung)
Urinary tracts
Digestive glands
12
Q
what does mesoderm (middle) give rise to
A
Muscle
Blood vessels
Connective tissues
13
Q
gelatinous tissue in mesoderm
A
mesenchyme
14
Q
difference b/w apical and basal surface on epithelial tissue
A
apical = upper surface, may have villis
basal= lower surface attached to base
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Q
2 ways to classify epithelial tissue
A
of cell layers and shape of apical surface
16
Q
how are cells arranged in epithelial tissue
A
in continuous sheets in multiple or single layers
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Q
function of epithelial tissue
A
covers surfaces, lines body cavities, form glands
18
Q
how are epithelial held together
A
by specialized cell junctions (tight junctions and desmosomes)
19
Q
function of apical surfaces and what does it face *3)
A
faces:
1. external body surface
2. body cavity
3. lumen
4. tubular duct
function: absorption and secretion
20
Q
location of basal lamina
A
this is where basal surface sits if cell is found in single deepest layer
21
Q
what does the basal lamina contain
A
Contains glycoproteins from epithelium + collagen fibers
22
Q
where is reticular lamina
A
below basal lamina
23
Q
what is reticular lamina
A
network of collagen fibers produced by cells in connective
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Q
what is basement membrane
A
basal lamina + reticular lamina
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what is simple epithelium
single layer of cells
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what is the epithelium that has several layers
stratified epithelium
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type of epithelial cells that resemble little squares
cuboidal
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type of epithelial cells that are flat and plate-like
squamous
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type of epithelial cells that are tall and columnar shaped
columnar
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what is the thinnest epithelium
simple squamous
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location of simple squamous
Line the heart, blood vessels lymphatic vessels + form entire capillary walls
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function of simple squamous
filtration and diffusion
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in the kidney, simple squamous functions to__ and __
diffusion (loop of Henle) and filtration (Bowmans capsule)
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in the lungs, alveoli are formed of simple squamous to allow for ___
diffusion of respiratory gases
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location of simple cuboidal epithelium
Thyroid gland, kidney tubules, ducts of many glands
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function of simple cuboidal
secretion and absoption
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where is nucleus at simple cuboidal
center
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where is nucleus at simple columnar
near base
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location of simple columnar
Small / large intestines
Stomach
Various glands
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function of simple columnar
secretion + absorption
Has goblet cells = produce mucus (lubricant / protective barrier)
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what is the falsely stratified epithelium called
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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why is pseudostratified false
All cells contact basement membrane
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what does pseudostratified contain that the others don't have
cilia and goblet cells
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cilia function
(beat dirt ball so it doesn’t go down lungs)
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goblet cells function
(produce mucus to trap inhaled foreign particles)
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location of pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Upper respiratory tract
-Lines nasal cavities, trachea, bronchi (respiratory passages)
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function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium
secretion and protection
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stratified squamous epithelia function
Thickness = protect body against mechanical stress and undergo mitosis for replacement cells
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cells above basal cells in stratified squamous are __
polygonal shape
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keratinized function
Protects epithelium + underlying tissues from heat, microbes, chemicals
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non keratinized forms moist linings of
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, vagina, anus
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keratinized is __ skin
Dry skin nd dead
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non keratinized appearance and function
lots of cell layers
Flat
Has nuclei
Protect from absorption
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difference between keratinized and non keratinized
keratin filled cells + organelles die
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transitional epithelium location
Linings of urinary bladder
Ureters
Upper portion of urethra
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function of transitional epithelium
accommodate pressure changes, without rupturing organ
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glandular epithelia location
beneath covering epithelia as single cells / clusters of cells
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glandular epithelia function
secretion + produce substances into ducts that open onto surfaces (exocrine glands; cells move materials from within cells)
- Secret substances into fluids (endocrine glands)
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what is exocrine gland
Single epithelial cell (unicellular gland)
May also be multicellular + diff structures
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2 types of exocrine gland stuctures
Simple (unbranched) duct
Compound (branched) duct w/ secretory portion being tubular + acinar
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what is merocrine (eccrine glands) and examples
glands that release fluid
products by exocytosis
Ex: salivary glands, sweat glands, pancreatic glands
no damaged to cells to get secretion out
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glands that pinch off portion of cell as part of secretion
Top half is damaged
apocrine glands
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example of apocrine glands
mammary glands
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what is holocrine glands
when whole cells filled w/ secretion are released
E
x: sebaceous glands of the skin
The whole thing is damaged
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process used when glands release fluid products
exocytosis
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exocytosis and endocytosis differences
Endocytosis is the transport into the cell and exocytosis is the transport out of the cell.
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3 types of exocrine glands
merocrine, apocrine, holocrine
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3 structural features common to all connective tissue?
cells, protein fibers, ground substance
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connective tissue function
mechanical binding + support
Circulation of body fluids
Insulation
Storage of food reserves
Process of inflammation
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what is extracellular matrix made of
protein and ground
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vascularized and avascularized meaning
vascularized - rich blood supply and avascularized is poor
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what is vascularized in body
body
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what is avascularized in connective tissue
cartilage and dense connective tissue
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Ground Substance components:
GAG (glycosaminoglycans)
-Chondroitin sulfate + hyaluronic acid
-Proteoglycan
-Adhesive glycoproteins
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3 fibers of connective tissue types
collagen, elastic, reticualr fibers
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4 types of connective tissue proper
areolar, adipose, reticular, dense regular
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2 types of supporting connective tissue
cartilage and bone
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cell names ending in blasts are
immature cells, secrete matrix, actively mitosis
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where is fibroblast found
connective tissue
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where is chondroblast
in cartilage
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where is osteoblasts found
bone
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ending cytes meaning
mature cells, maintaining matrix, less active
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areolar CT function
-Attach skin to underlying tissue
-Fill spaces b/w various organs + hold them in place
-Surround & support blood vessels
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areolar CT location
under epidermis (outer layer of skin)
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Collagen fibers
tough + provide strength to matrix (thick + light Color)
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elastic fibers
elasticity + stretch + recoil (thin + stained darker)
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3 cell types in areolar
1. fibroblast
2. mast cell
3. macrophages
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fibroblast
actively mitosis cell that secretes ground substance + fibers
- Produce and secrete matrix components
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mast cell
has coarse, dark staining granules in cytoplasm
Secrete histamine + heparin
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macrophage
large, arise from wbc
-Engulf + destroy bacteria or foreign particles
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RETICULAR CT function
forms internal framework
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reticular location
Spleen, liver, bone marrow, lymph nodes, blood vessels, nerves
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cells present in Reticular CT
Fibroblast (reticular cells), wbc, macrophages
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reticular fibers
short, thin, branched networks of collagen- like fibers
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adipose CT (rock) function
1.Synthesis + lipid storage
2.Protection
3.shock absorber
4. Forms insulating layer for body temp regulation
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adipose CT location
Under skin, around kidneys, heart, eyeballs. Within abdomen + breasts
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what is adipose characterized by
large lipid droplet that swell the cell so the cytoplasm becomes thin + nucleus is displaced to the edge of cell
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Dense Regular Connective Tissue location
Skin dermis
Kidney, muscles, bones, nerves
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dense regular ct function
forms fibrous coverings
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dense regular difference b/w areolar, reticular, adipose
fewer cells + less ground substance
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2 ty[es of dense regular ct
regular (parallel pattern)
irregular (thicker + run several directions)
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dense regular is composed of
tendons and ligaments
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what is tendons attach to
muscle to bone
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what is ligaments attached to
attached bone to bone
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cartilage function
rigidity + flexibility
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cartilage receive __ from __ in
nutrients, blood vessels, perichondrium
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location of cartilage
where two bones meet and at the ends of all your bones that form joints (elbows, knees, ankles)
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bone and cartilage difference
Bones are the hard, inelastic and tough organ that forms part of the vertebral skeleton.
Cartilage is a soft, elastic and flexible connective tissue that protects the bone from rubbing against each other.
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3 types of cartilage
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
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dense CT that surrounds cartilage
perichondrium
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the outer layer of perichondrium consist of and arranged in
layer of collagen fibers
Arranged in irregular interwoven pattern
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inner layer of perichondrium is where ___
where collagen fibers merge with ground substance
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inner layer is where __ are formed
chondroblasts (produce matrix)
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a cyte found in the inner layer of perichondrium
chondrocytes ( mature cartilage cells founds in lacunae)
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lacuna
an unfilled space
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what is matrix in hyaline cartilage
gel liek that has collagen fibers
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hyaline cartilage location
Articular surfaces of bones
Ends of ribs
Nasal septum, larynx, trachea, bronchi
Long bones (reduce friction)
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hyaline cartilage function
helps your bones move smoothly past each other in your joints.
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elastic cartilage is characterized by
elastic fibers
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elastic cartilage function
support and flexibility
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elastic cartilage location
external ear (pinnacle)
epiglottis
wall of auditory (eustachian) tube
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how does fibrocartilage differ from hyaline and elastic
less organized and lacks perichondrium
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fibrocartilage location
B/w vertebrae + knee menisci b/w tibia + femur
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fibrocartilage function
support + withstand heavy pressure
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fibrocartilage forms what
(vertebral discs) + pubic symposia (joint b/w pubic bones of pelvis)
126
bone function
support and proctection
127
what does bone provide and store
Provide cavities for fat storage + blood cells synthesis
Storehouse for minerals, Ca, P
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2 basic types of bone
spongy (cancellous) and compact
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where is spongy bone found and consists of
-found internally
-Consists of framework of trabeculae (columns of bones)
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where is compact found and composed of
found externally and composed of osteons / Haversian systems
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what is osteons
solid sheet of bone tissue into structural units
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what is osteocytes and where is it found
mature bone cells found in lacunae (spaces) b/w lamellae
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osteocytes function
Contain nutrients + remove wastes via cytoplasmic extensions that occupy canaliculi
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canaliculi
networks of small canals that radiate from each other lacunae
- Remove wastes
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Periosteum
where blood vessels are located
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Matrix bone
hard + rigid b/c of inorganic mineral salts ( Ca + P)
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characteristic of bones in acid
removes inorganic component (Ca + P)- inorganic, mineral, salt
Loses hardness,
Keeps flexibility
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characteristic of bone in organic
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characteristic of bone when baked
denatures organic (collagen)
Brittle, parts flake off
Loses flexibility
