Lab 7 Flashcards
1
Q
t/f the invertabrates are a monophyletic group
A
false
2
Q
t/f the branch bilateria is a monophyletic group
A
false
3
Q
t/f the protostomes are a monophyletic group
A
false
4
Q
t/f the deuterostomes are a monophyletic group
A
true
5
Q
t/f the ecysozoans are a monophyletic group
A
true
6
Q
t/f the lophotrochozoans are a monophyletic group
A
true
7
Q
the study of evolutionary pattern as determined by character analysis
A
phylogenetics
8
Q
characters that can be used to diagnose groups of organisms
A
apomorphic
9
Q
choanoflaggellate tissues
A
absent
10
Q
porifera tissues
A
absent
11
Q
cnidaria tissue
A
present
12
Q
platyhelmiinthyes tissue
A
present
13
Q
rotifera tissues
A
present
14
Q
nematoda tissues
A
present
15
Q
arthropoda tissues
A
present
16
Q
mollusca tissues
A
present
17
Q
annelida tissues
A
present
18
Q
echinodermata tissues
A
present
19
Q
chordata tissues
A
present
20
Q
choanoflagellate triploblastic embryo
A
absent
21
Q
porifera triploblastic embryo
A
absent
22
Q
cnidaria triploblastic embryo
A
absent
23
Q
platyhemintheys triploblastic embryo
A
present
24
Q
rotifera triploblastic embryo
A
present
25
nematoda triploblastic embryo
present
26
arthropoda triploblastic embryo
present
27
mollusca triploblastic embryo
present
28
annelida triploblastic embryo
present
29
echinodermata triploblastic embryo
present
30
chrodata triploblastic embryo
present
31
choanoflagellates body cavity
absent
32
porifera body cavity
absent
33
cnidaria body cavity
absent
34
platyhelmintheys body cavity
absent
35
rotifera body cavity
present
36
nematoda body cavity
present
37
arthropoda body cavity
present
38
mollusca body cavity
present
39
annelida body cavity
present
40
echinodermata body cavity
present
41
chordata body cavity
present
42
Choanaflagellate complete digestive tract
Absent
43
Porifera complete digestive tract
Absent
44
Cnidaria complete digestive tract
Absent
45
Platyhelmintheys complete digestive tract
Absent
46
Rotifera complete digestive tract
Present
47
Nematoda complete digestive tract
Present
48
Arthropoda complete digestive tract
Present
49
Mollusca complete digestive tract
Present
50
Annelida complete digestive tract
Present
51
Echinodermata complete digestive tract
Present
52
Chordata complete digestive tract
Present
53
Choanaflagellates true coelom
Absent
54
Porifera true coelom
Absent
55
Cnidaria true coelom
Absent
56
Platyhelminthyes true coelom
Absent
57
Rotifera true coelom
Absent
58
Nematoda true coelom
Absent
59
Arthropoda true coelom
Present
60
Mollusca true coelom
Present
61
Annelida true coelom
Present
62
Echinodermata true coelom
Present
63
Chordata true coelom
Present
64
Choanaflagellates blastopore anus
Absent
65
Porifera blastopore anus
Absent
66
Cnidaria blastopore anus
Absent
67
Platyhelminthyes blastopore anus
Absent
68
Rotifera blastopore anus
Absent
69
Nematoda blastopore anus
Absent
70
Arthropoda blastopore anus
Absent
71
Mollusca blastopore anus
Absent
72
Annelida blastopore anus
Absent
73
Echinodermata blastopore anus
Present
74
Chordata blastopore anus
Present
75
Choanaflagellates enterocoely
Absent
76
Porifera eterocoely
Absent
77
Cnidaria enterocoely
Absent
78
Platyhelminthyes enterocoely
Absent
79
Rotifera enterocoely
Absent
80
Nematoda enterocoely
Absent
81
Arhtropoda enterocoely
Absent
82
Annelida enterocoely
Absent
83
Echinodermata enterocoely
Present
84
Chordata enterocoely
Present
85
Choanaflagellates radial and intermediate cleavage
Absent
86
Porifera radial and intermediate cleavage
Absent
87
Cnidaria radial and intermediate cleavage
Absent
88
Platyhelminthyes radial and intermediate cleavage
Absent
89
Rotifera radial and intermediate cleavage
Absent
90
Nematoda radial and intermediate cleavage
Absent
91
Arthropoda radial and intermediate cleavage
Absent
92
Mollusca radial and intermediate cleavage
Absent
93
Annelida radial and intermediate cleavage
Absent
94
Echinodermata radial and intermediate cleavage
Present
95
Chordata radial and intermediate cleavage
Present
96
Choanaflagellates body symmetry
Radial
97
Porifera body symmetry
Radial
98
Cnidaria body symmetry
Radial
99
Platyhelminthyes body symmetry
Bilateral
100
Rotifera body symmetry
Bilateral
101
Nematoda body symmetry
Bilateral
102
Arthropoda body symmetry
Bilateral
103
Mollusca body symmetry
Bilateral
104
Annelida body symmetry
Bilateral
105
Echinodermata body symmetry
Bilateral: larva
Radial: adult
106
Chordata body symmetry
Bilateral
107
Choanaflagellates ecdysis
Absent
108
Porifera ecdysis
Absent
109
Cnidaria ecdysis
Absent
110
Platyhelminthyes ecdysis
Absent
111
Rotifera ecdysis
Absent
112
Nematoda ecdysis
Presnet
113
Arthropoda ecdysis
Present
114
Mollusca ecdysis
Absent
115
Annelida ecdysis
Absent
116
Echinodermata ecdysis
Absent
117
Chordata ecdysis
Absent
118
Choanaflagellates trochophore larvae
Absent
119
Porifera trochophore larvae
Absent
120
Cnidaria trochophore larvae
Absent
121
Platyhelminthyes trochophore larvae
Absent
122
Rotifera trochophore larvae
Absent
123
Nematoda trochophore larvae
Abent
124
Arthropoda trochophore larvae
Absent
125
Mollusca trochophore larvae
Present
126
Annelida trochophore larvae
Present
127
Echnidermata trochophore larvae
Absent
128
Chordata trochophore larvae
Absent
129
Descent with modification
Evolution
130
Descent entails an ancestor and its descendants
Genealogy
131
A change in characteristic or attribute in the descendant relative to the ancestor
Modification
132
Unmodified
Ancestral
133
Modified
Derived, descendant
134
An observable trait of an organism
Character
135
Characters in two or more species are derived from the same structure in a common ancestor; characters used for analysis must be this
Homologous
136
A new or descendant character state
Apomorphy
137
When an apomorphy is found in two or more taxa it is called a
Synapomorphy
138
A shared derived trait
Synapomorphy
139
Ancestral character state
Plesiomorphy
140
A shared ancestral character state
Symplesiomoprhy
141
Differentiated cell layers; animals with this may be diplo- or triploblastic
Tissue development
142
Animals have three germ layers that form early in embryonic development: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
Triploblastic embryo
143
An internal body space lined either completely or incompletely by mesoderm
Body cavity
144
Characterized by the presence of both an oral and an anal orifice.
Complete digestive tract
145
Lining of the body cavity is complete in both sides of the body cavity are covered by
Complete mesoderm lining
146
In some animals with a complete digestive tract and a complete lining of the mesoderm, this develops into this
Blastopore develops into anus
147
In animals with a completely lining of the mesoderm, this development of the coelom if lining occurs via folding and differentiation of cells in the archenteron. The archenteron is the precursor to the lining of the gut formed during gastrulation
Enterocoely
148
Gut cavity
Archenteron
149
Cell division during animal embryogenesis
Cleavage
150
Characterized by planes of cell division that are either parallel or perpendicular to the vertical axis of the embryo.
Radial cleavage
151
Characterized by the ability of cells produced in early embryogenesis to develop into complete embryos (this explains twins)
Intermediate cleavage
152
Animal body symmetry can be dichotomies as either (x) or (x)
Radial or bilateral
153
Some animals shed, at some stage in their development, an exoskeleton or cuticle structure
Ecdysis
154
Some animals produce a stage that bears a tuft of flagella/cilia
Trochophore larval stage
155
Porifera
Sponge
156
Cnidaria
Jellyfish
157
Platyhelminthes
Flatworms
158
Rotifera
Microscopic invertebrate
159
Nematoda
Roundworms
160
Mollusca
Snails
161
Arthropoda
Bugs
162
Annelida
Earthworms
163
Echinodermata
Sea stars
164
Chordata
Reptiles
165
s the process whereby organisms not closely related (not monophyletic), independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches
Convergent evolution
166
the result of convergent evolution. Birds and bats did not inherit wings from a common ancestor with wings, but they did inherit forelimbs from a common ancestor with forelimbs.
Analogous characters
167
the scientific principle that things are usually connected or behave in the simplest or most economical way, especially with reference to alternative evolutionary pathways.
Principle of parsimony
168
(of a group of organisms) descended from a common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group, especially one not shared with any other group.
Monophyletic
169
(of a group of organisms) derived from more than one common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group and therefore not suitable for placing in the same taxon.
Polyphyletic
170
Defined as differentiated cell layers
Tissue development
171
Tissue development can be
Diploblastic or triploblastic
172
Animals have three germ layers that form early in embryonic development
Triploblastic embryo
173
Three germ layers
Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
174
An internal body space lined either completely or incompletely by mesoderm
Body cavity
175
Characterized by the presence of both an oral and an anal orifice; some lack this entirely or possess one with a single orifice
Complete digestives tract
176
In th3ese animals, it of the body cavity is complete in that both sides of the cavity are covered by the middle germ layer
Complete mesoderm lining
177
In some animals with a complete digestive tract and a complete lining of the mesoderm, this formed by gastrulation of the animal embryo ultimately functions as this
Blastopore devlops into anus
178
In animals with a complete lining of the mesoderm, this development of the coelomic lining occurs via folding and differentiation of cells in the archenteron. The archenteron is the precursor to the lining of the gut formed during gastrulation
Enterocoely
179
Gut cavity
Archenteron
180
Cell division during animal embryogenesis
Cleavage
181
Characterized by planes of cell division that are either parallele or perpendicular tot he vertical axis of the embryo (other animals may have planes of cell division that are diagonal to eh vertical axis of the embryo)
Radial cleavageradial cleavage
182
Characterized by the ability of cells produced in early embryogenesis to develop into complete embryos (this explains the phenomenon of twins in some animals-- other animals possess embryonic cells with predetermined fates)
Indeterminate cleavage
183
Animal body symmetry can be dichotomies as either
Radial or bilateral
184
Some animals shed, at some point in their development, an exoskeletal or cuticle structure
Edysis
185
Some animals produce a stage that beards a tuft of flagella/cilia, referred to as
Trochophore Larval stage
186
Number of teeth ancestral
36
187
Post orbital closure ancestral
Open
188
Skull ridge presence ancestral
Yes
189
Two skull ridges ancestral
Yes
190
Shape of mandible ancestral
Shallow
191
Mental foramen location ancestral
5
192
Tail ancestral
Yes
193
Lemur number of teeth
Ancestral 36
194
Howler monkey number of teeth
Ancestral 36
195
Gorilla number of teeth
Derived 32
196
Human number of teeth
Derived 32
197
Woolley monkey number of teeth
Ancestral 36
198
Macaque number of teeth
Derived 32
199
Chimpanzee number of teeth
Derived 32
200
Orangutan number of teeth
Derived 32
201
Lemur post orbital closure
Ancestral open
202
Howler monkey post orbital closure
Derived closed
203
Gorilla post orbital closure
Derived closed
204
Human post orbital closure
Derived closed
205
Woolly monkey post orbital closure
Derived closed
206
Macaque post orbital closure
Derived closed
207
Chimpanzee post orbital closure
Derived closed
208
Orangutan post orbital closure
Derived closed
209
Lemur skull ridge presence
Ancestral present
210
Howler monkey skull ridge presence
Ancestral present
211
Gorilla skull ridge presence
Ancestral present
212
Human skull ridge presence
Derived absent
213
Woolly monkey skull ridge presence
Ancestral present
214
Macaque skull ridge presence
Ancestral present
215
Chimpanzee skull ridge presence
Ancestral present
216
Orangutan skull ridge presence
Ancestral present
217
Lemur two skull ridges
Ancestral present
218
Howler monkey two skull ridges
Ancestral present
219
Gorilla two skull ridges
Derived absent
220
Human two skull ridges
Derived absent
221
Woolly monkey two skull ridges
Ancestral present
222
Macaque two skul ridges
Ancestral present
223
Chimpanzee two skull ridges
Derived absent
224
Orangutan two skull ridges
Derived absent
225
Lemur shape for mandible
Ancestral shallow
226
Howler monkey shape of mandible
Derived deep
227
Gorilla shape of mandible
Ancestral shallow
228
Human shape of mandible
Ancestral shallow
229
Woolly monkey shape of mandible
Derived deep
230
Macaque shape of mandible
Ancestral shallow
231
Chimpanzee shape of mandible
Ancestral shallow
232
Orangutan shape of mandible
Derived deep
233
Lemur mental foramen location
Ancestral 5
234
Howler monkey foramen location
Derived 4
235
Gorilla mental foramen location
Ancestral 5
236
Human mental foramen location
Ancestral 5
237
Woolly monkey mental foramen location
Derived 4
238
Macaque mental foramen location
Ancestral 5
239
Chimpanzee mental foramen location
Ancestral 5
240
Orangutan mental foramen location
Derived 4
241
Lemur cranial capacity ratio
Ancestral
242
Howler cranial capacity ratio
Ancestral
243
Gorilla cranial capacity ratio
Derived
244
Human cranial capacity ratio
Derived
245
Woolly monkey cranial capacity ratio
Ancestral
246
Macaque cranial capacity ratio
Ancestral
247
Chimpanzee cranial capacity ratio
Derived
248
Orangutan cranial capacity ratio
Derived
249
Lemur tail
Ancestral present
250
Howler monkey tail
Ancestral present
251
Gorilla tail
Derived absent
252
Human tail
Derived absent
253
Woolly monkey tail
Ancestral present
254
Macaque tail
Ancestral present
255
Chimpanzee tail
Derived absent
256
Orangutan tail
Derived absent
257
reasons to have a complete digestive system
specialization, continuous feeders
258
if mobile, want sensory organs to be
in the head
259
if sedatary, want sensory organs to be
widely dispersed
260
protostomes have (x) cleavagge
spiral and determinate
261
deutrosomes have (x( cleavage
radial and indeterminate
262
a muscular, thick-walled part of a bird's stomach for grinding food, typically with grit.
gizzard
263
easiest to make and least energy of nitrogenous waste products
ammonia
264
most water used, nitrogenous waste products
ammonioa
265
hardest to make of nitrogenous waste products
uric acid
266
nitrogenous waste products, least amount of water
uric acid
267
internal egg, came about when life went onto land, internal lake
amniotic egg
268
amphibian skull joint
two
269
mammal skull joint
two
270
bird skull joint
one
271
lizard skull joint
one
272
snake skull joint
one
273
turtle skulljoint
one
274
alligator skull joint
one
275
amphibian hind digits
five
276
mammal hind digits
five
277
bird hind digits
four
278
lizard hind digits
five
279
snake hind digits
zero
280
turtle hind digits
five
281
alligator hind digits
four
282
amphibian gizzard
absent
283
mammal gizzard
absent
284
bird gizzard
present
285
lizard gizzard
absent
286
snake gizzard
absent
287
turtle gizzard
absent
288
alligator gizzard
present
289
amphibian bladder
present
290
mammal bladder
present
291
bird bladder
absent
292
lizard bladder
present
293
snake bladder
present
294
turtle bladder
present
295
alliagator bladder
absetn
296
amphibian wast type
urea
297
mammal waste type
urea
298
bird waste type
urea
299
bird waste type
uric acid
300
lizard waste type
uric acid
301
snake waste type
uric acid
302
turtle waste tyep
uric acid
303
alligator waste type
uric acid
304
amphibian metabolism
ecthothermy
305
mammal metabolism
endothermy
306
bird metabolism
endothermy
307
lizard metabolism
ectothermy
308
snake metabolism
ectothermy
309
turtle metabolism
ectothermy
310
alligator metabolism
ectothermy
311
amphibian egg w/ membrane
absent
312
mammal egg w/ membrane
present
313
bird egg w/ membrane
present
314
lizard egg w/ membrane
present
315
snake egg w/ membrane
presetn
316
turtle egg w/ membrane
present
317
alligator egg w/ membrane
prsetn
318
amphibian hemipenis
absent
319
mammal hemipenis
absetn
320
bird hemipenis
absent
321
lizard hemipenis
present
322
snake hemipenis
present
323
turtle hemipensi
absent
324
alligator hemipenis
absent
325
amphibian quadrate fusion
present
326
mammal quadrate fusion
present
327
bird quadrate fusion
present
328
lizard quadrate fusion
absetn
329
snake quadrate fusion
absetn
330
turtle quadrate fusion
present
331
alligator quadrate fusion
present
332
amphibian temporal holes
zero
333
mammal temporal hoels
one
334
bird temporal holes
two
335
lizard temporal hoels
two
336
snake temporal holes
two
337
turtle temporal hoels
zero
338
alligator temporal hoels
two
339
no holese
anapsid
340
one hole
synapsid
341
two holes
diapsid
342
outgroup in animals
amphibian
