Lab 8 Digestive Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
What is digestion
A
process of breaking down food molecules that can be absorbed.
2
Q
what is ingestion
A
food into mouth
3
Q
what is propulsion
A
food moves through GI tract
4
Q
what is mech. digestion
A
physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces
5
Q
what is chem. digestion
A
breakdown of bonds in food molecules
6
Q
what is secretion
A
release of chem/enzymes into the lumen go GI tract
7
Q
what is absorption
A
movement of nutrients across mucosa into blood/lymph
8
Q
what is defection
A
elimination through rectum/anus
9
Q
What are the 4 layers of the GI tract
A
1) Mucosa (3 layers)
2) Submucosa
3) Muscularis externa (2 layers
4) Serosa/ visceral peritoneum
10
Q
what are the the 3 layers of the mucosa from deep to superficial
A
1) mucosa epithelium (stratified squamous or simple columnar)
2) Lamina propria (areolar CT)
3) muscular mucosae (thin layer of smooth muscle)
11
Q
what is submucosa made of & what does it house
A
- dense irreg Ct
- houses vasculature & nerves
12
Q
what are the 2 layers of muscularis externa
A
Circular (inner)
Longitudinal (outer)
13
Q
what is peristalsis
A
GI movement in 1 direction by longitudinal muscles
14
Q
what is segmentation
A
GI movement in both directions by circular muscles
15
Q
what is the serosa made of
A
areolar CT & simple squamous
-mesentaries attach
16
Q
what are mesenteries
A
double layer of peritoneum
anchor most of the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity to parietal peritoneum
17
Q
where is greater omentum
A
drapes over top of the coils of the small intestine
18
Q
where is the lesser omentum
A
stabilizes position of stomach
19
Q
what does the mesentery proper do
A
binds sm. intestine to post. ab wall
20
Q
what does the mesocolon do
A
binds lrg. intestine to post. ab. wall
21
Q
what does the falciform ligament do
A
stabilizes position of liver
22
Q
what is the tissues of the mouth & pharynx
A
stratified squamous
23
Q
what is the function of the oral cavity
A
food is analyzed (sensory receptors for gustation) & lubricated. Digestion is initiated
- Mastication for physical digestion
- soluabalizing to form bolus
- Lingual lipase -enzymatic of lipids
- salivary amylase - enzymatic of starch
24
Q
what is the function of the tongue
A
- manipulate food into bolus
- papillae grip food
- move food to back of mouth
25
where are taste buds located
between papillae
26
how many adult & baby teeth
(32 adult) (20baby)
27
how many incisors & what do they do
cut (2 sets)
28
how many canines & what do they do
tear/perice (1 set)
29
how many premolars & what do they do
crush (2 sets)
30
how many molars & what do they do
(3 sets) grind
31
what does the lingual frenulum do
attaches tongue to bottom of oral cavity
32
what is the function of the esophagus
move bolus to the stomach
33
the esophagus passes through which 2 ventral body cavities
thoracic & peritoneal
34
what is esophageal hiatus
opening in diaphragm that esophagus passes though on it's way to ab. cavity
35
what lines the esophagus
stratifies squamous
36
what kind of digestion occurs in the stomach
- enzymatic digestion of protein by pepsin
| - mechanical digestion vis churning
37
what tissue lies the stomach
-simple columnar
38
what does the mucous neck cells of the stomach do
secrete mucous
39
what do the parietal cells of the stomach do
secrete HCL
40
what do the cheif cells of the stomach do
secret pepsinogen - activated into pepsin by HCL
41
what do the G cells do
secret gastrin (stimulates secretion of gastric secretions & increases peristalsis)
42
What are the 3 stuctures in the Small intestine that increase SA
- Plicae circularis
- Villi
- microvilli
43
what do plicae circularis do
they are large folds of mucosal membrane
44
what are villi
finger like projections of mucosal surface
45
what are microvilli
"brush boarder" part of villi cells
46
what are the parts of the villus
lacteal - absorbs fat
capillary plexus
intestinal crypt - secretes digestive enzymes (alkaline)
47
what is the mucosa epithelium of the small intestine made of
simple columnar
48
what happens in the duodenum
part of small intestine
hepatopancreatic ampulla delivers pile & pancreatic juice
-Function = neutralizes chyme, chemical digestion
49
what is phyloic sphincter
controls stomach chyme entering duodenum
50
what is the cardiac sphincter
prevents acidic contents of stomach from splashing into esophagus
51
what does the jejunum do
chem. digestion & absorption
52
what does the ill do
absorb nutrients & H20
53
what is the function of the lrg instestine
```
H20 reabsorption
compassion & starch
absorb some vat's
many bacteria that protect, digest, & stimulate immune system
produce Vit K & vit. B
```
54
what are movements of the lrg intestine called
mass peristalsis
55
what is the large intestine lined with
goblet cells that produce mucus
| simple columnar
56
what is the sigmoid colon
"S" shape part right before the rectum
57
what is the teninae coli
reduced layer of longitudinal muscle (only 1 line)
58
what are haustra
form the pockets & puckers of intestinal all
59
what is the internal anal sphincter made of
smooth muscle.
60
what is the external anal sphincter made of
skeletal muscle
61
what does the elevator ani musc. do
supports pelvic organs, prevents urinary incontinence
62
what is the exocrine function of the pancreas
secretes a basic solution that neutralizes the duodenum from acing cells to contribute to chemical digestion
63
what is the function of the liver
- metabolic factory & store
- produces bile
- storage or ire & fat soluble vitamins
- breakdown RBC, hemoglobin & antibodies
- synthesis of plasma proteins
64
structures of liver
portal triad & central hepatic venules
65
gallbladder function
stores & concentrates bile
66
what are enzyme
specific class or proteins that lower activation energy of rxn's. They are biological catalysts that change the rate of the rxn. without being altered or consumed
67
what is a substrate
substance that an enzyme acts on. Bind to a specific region on the enzyme called the ACTIVE SITE. The enzyme changes shape slightly. The INDUCED FIT results from an enzyme substrate complex which facilitates the substrate into the product.
68
what is salivary amylase
used to investigate substrate specificity. Hydrolyzes covalent bonds between glucose in certain polysaccharides.
69
what are polysaccharides
differ in the amount of branching & type of covalent bond in glucose molecules. Not all plant polysaccharides can be digested. They'll be excrete in fees if they arne't digested.
70
what is benedicts reagent
It is used to monitor the products of salivary amylase reaction. It produces coloured precipitates in the presence of monosaccharides & some disaccharides after being heated. Strong base
71
what does it mean if benedicts reagent has a blue precipitate
no sugar present
72
what does it mean if benedicts reagent has a orange/yellow precipitate
glucose of other mono/dissacharides are present
73
What are environmental controls
they ensure that the changes observed are due to the variable being tested.
Seves as a basis for comparison in the interpretation of experimental results.
74
what is a negative control
produces no effects ( when no effect is expected) it demonstrates a negative result
75
what is a positive control
it shows positive result. Uses treatment know to produce an effect
76
What was the purpose of the salivary amylase starch digestion experiment
we wanted to know if salivay amylase can hydrolysis all polysaccharides. We found out that it cannot digest cellulose.
77
each enzyme has an optimum ph for binding...
usually 6-8
78
what is buret reagent used for
to test for the presence of proteins & peptides
79
what does blue for buiret reagent mean
no peptides or proteins
80
what does purple mean from buiret. reagent
proteins
81
what does pink from buiret. reagent mean
peptides
82
what is pepsin's optimal ph
acidic
83
enzyme + Substrate -> enzyme-substrate complex ->
enzyme & product
84
activity of enzyme is affected by...
Temp, Ph, inhibitors, activators, cofactors
85
what is the action of the digestive enzyme
brings about hydrolysis
86
what is hydrolysis
chemical process where water is added across a covalent bond resulting in splitting or lysis of molecule
-This happens to proteins, cards & lipids
87
what is salivary amylase secreted by
serous cells of salivary glands
88
what is the substrate of salivary amylase
starch
89
what is the product of salivary amylase & starch
disaccharides (ex. maltose)
90
what is pancreatic amylase secreted by
secreted by acinar cells of pancreas
91
what is the substrate of pancreatic amylase
starch
92
what is the products of pancreatic amylase & starch
disaccharides (ex. maltose)
93
what are disaccharidases secreted by?
epithelium of small intestine
94
what is the substrate of disaccharidases
disaccharides
95
what is the product of disaccharidases & disaccharides
monosaccharides
96
what i pepsin secreted by
chief cells in the stomach
97
what is the substrate of pepsin
proteins
98
what is the product of pepsin-protein complex
peptides
99
What secretes chymotrypsin, trypsin, and carboxypeptidases (Into duodenum)
acing cells of the pancreas
100
what is the substrate of chymotrypsin, trypsin, and carboxypeptidases
starch
101
what is the product of cymotrypsin, trypsin, and carboxypeptiases and starch
disaccarides
102
what secretes dipeptidases & peptidases
epithelium of sm. intestine
103
what is the substrate of dipeptidases & peptidases
dipeptides
104
what is the product of dipeptidases & peptidases
amino acids
105
what secretes lipase
lingual glands & acing cells are pancreas
106
what is the substrate of lipase
triglycerides
107
what is the product of lipase & triglycerides
3 fatty acids & glycerol, or 2 fatty acids & 1 monoglyceride
108
what secretes nucleases
secreted by acinar cells of pancreas
109
what is the substrate of nucleases
DNA & RNA
110
what is the product of nucleases
nucleotides
111
what secreted nucleosidases
epithelium of small intestine
112
what is the substrate of nucleosidases
nucleotides
113
what is the product of nucleosidases & nucleotides
components of nucleotides (Nitrogenous base, ribose, deoxyribose + sugar)
114
when are pipettes used
for volumes less than 10ml
| -always check for cracks first
115
what is a serological/blow out pipette
expel all fluid
116
what is a mohr pipette
tip not expelled
