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BIO 153 final (Lab Exam + Lecture) > Specific immune review > Flashcards

Specific immune review Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the specificity of the adaptive defence

A

it recognizes & destroys specific foreign (non-self) substances

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2
Q

explain specific immune memory

A

initial response to pathogen is slow, but subsequent responses are rapid

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3
Q

what is an antigen

A

substance that can be recognized by immune system as foreign. These trigger antibody production.
(could be proteins, lipids, polysaccharides on surface or bacteria, fungi, viruses or other non- self things)
causes reactivity & immunogenicity.

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4
Q

what is immunogenicity

A

stimulates lymphocyte proliferation & antibody production

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5
Q

what is the antigen deteminent (epitope)

A

Part of antigen that specifically recognize & react w/ antibody

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6
Q

What are the major histocompatibility complex proteins

A

special proteins on the surface of all body cells, genetically unique to each person. Coded by MHC genome, an inherited combination from mom and dad

  • Important in determining tissue compatibility for organ transplant
  • *synthesized & exported, they pick u small peptides from the inside of the cell & display them. It shows that it’s health & normal
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7
Q

do all cells have MHC 2 & MHC 1?

A

all cells express class 1, only some have class 2.

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8
Q

What are peptide fragments

A

they are what is presented by MHC & allow the immune system to differentiate normal from bad

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9
Q

What are antibodies/immunoglobulins

A

Gamma globulin proteins in blood that bind to specific antigens to from antigen-antibody complexes

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10
Q

explain the antibody structure

A

4 Peptide chains (2 light, 2 heavy)

  • Each chain has a constant region & a variable region.
  • Variable region differes - recognizes & binds to a specific antigen (there are 100’s of different ones)
  • Immune system can make an antibody that’ll specifically recognize ANY foreign antigen
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11
Q

What are the 5 major classes of antibodies

A

1) IgG
2) IgM
3) IgA
4) IgD
5) IgE

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12
Q

Explain IgG antibody class

A

1) it is the most common one in blood
2) it protects against VIRUSES
3) it activates complement
4) Monomer = small, can cross placenta

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13
Q

Explain IgM antibody class

A

1) First antibodies to appear following antigen exposure
2) Activates complement
3) Pentamer = large

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14
Q

explain IgA antibody class

A

1) Found in saliva, sweat, tears, mucus, semen, and breast milk
2) Prevents attachment of viruses/bacteria to epithelial surface
3) dimer = 2

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15
Q

Explain IgD antibody class

A

1) Found on the surface of B cells
2) it’s a B cell receptor
3) Binding to antigens can activate B cells
4) monomer= small

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16
Q

explain IgE antibody class

A

1) Attaches to receptors on mast cells/basophils
2) interaction w/ antigen causes histamine release - inflammation/allergic reaction
3) monomer

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17
Q

What do cytotoxic T Cells do

A

T cells that secrete performs and granzymes to destroy abnormal, virus infected or transplanted cells

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18
Q

what do Helper T cells do

A

Secrete cytokines that mobilize other immune cells

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19
Q

what do memory cells do

A

long lived T & B cells that are produced following exposure to an antigen & provide immunity for years

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20
Q

what do APCS do ( antigen presenting cells)

A

Both specific & non specific

Display non-self antigen on MHC-2 to helper T cells

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21
Q

what do B cells do

A

antigen presenting cells, differentiate into plasma cells

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22
Q

what do plasma cells do

A

B lymphocytes that secrete antibodies

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23
Q

what do antibodies do

A

proteins secreted by plasma cells that circulate in the blood where they recognize & bind to foreign antigens

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24
Q

What are the 5 functions of antibodies

A

1) Neutralization
2) Opsinization
3) percipitation
4) Agglutination
5) Complement activation

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25
Explain Antibody neutralization
-Antibody binds to antigen. Blocks activity & prevents virus from entering a cell/ prevents a bacteria cell from attaching
26
explain antibody opsination
antibodies coat foreign cells/molecules & allow macrophages attachment so they can be easily phagocytized
27
Explain antibody precipitation
soluble antigens (toxins) rendered insoluble when antibodies bind. This causes they to precipitate out of solution.
28
explain antibody agglutination
clumping cells together due to antigen/antibdoy cross linking
29
explain antibody complement activation
antigen-antibody complexes activate complement. Which triggers the production of inflammatory chemicals & cell lysis (membrane attack complex)
30
bigger picture of how an antigen-antibody complex effects immune
1) it inactivates antigens by -neutralization -opsinization -agglutination -Precipitation which enhances phagocytosis 2) It activates complement which -enhances phagocytosis, enhances inflammation -leads to cell lysis
31
what are lymphocytes
special defence cells with unique receptors that can recognizant & respond to specific antigens
32
Main characteristics of B ells
- Mature in bone marrow - Involved in antibody production - Humoral immunity (immune response based on antibody production) - immture B lymphocytes migrate to secondary lymphoid tissue to encounter antigens - Each cell has a unique B cell receptor
33
Main characteristics of T cells
- mature in thymus - Differentiate into several subtypes (Helper-T, Regulatory T, Cytotoxic T) - cell mediated immunity
34
What is humeral immunity
B cells & production of antibodies. Involves CLONAL SELECTION: proliferation by mitosis of those cells that recognize/bind to a specific antigen. Army of clones that target specific antigen
35
What is a B cell receptor
an IgD antibody expressed to the surface to interact with a specific antigen
36
B cells can differentiate into..
1) Plasma cells - secrete antibodies (each b cell has a unique antibody on its surface) 2) Memory B cells - long lived cells (provide long term specific immunity to particular antigen)
37
what do plasma cells do
secrete antibodies
38
What needs to happen for differentiation to be able to occur
Usually require activation of helper T cells which secrete cytokines
39
Explain Humoral immunity - Primary response (1st encounter with pathogen in lymphoid tissue)
1) Antigen recognition - By b cells with a complementary antibody receptor (IgD) 2) Sensitizes B cell - Costimulation from helper T cell 3) Activates B cell - Clonal selection: The activated population of B cells divide & produces genetically identical cells - Somatic Hypermutation: Creates super B cells w/ high antigen affinity 4) Differentiation occurs: - some become plasma cells - some become memory b cells 5) The plasma cells secrete lots of low affinity IgM antibodies, specific to antigen
40
why is somatic hypermutation
activated B cells create super B cells with high antigen affinity
41
Explain Humoral immunity - Secondary response ( secondary encounter with pathogen)
1) Memory T cells - rapidly produce hi affinity IgG antibodies 2) Illness is prevented
42
what is antibody titer
measure of antibody concentration in blood, an indication of immunity
43
what 2 cells does cell mediated immunity involve
1) Involves T cells | 2) Antigen presenting cells
44
what is T-cell self tolerance
won't attack own cells
45
What is positive & negative selection of T cells
- Positive selection: T cell must recognize your MHC proteins - Negative selection: T cells must not react/attack your self-antigens (MHC)
46
What are the 3 main types of T cells
1) Helper T cells / CD4+ Cells 2) Cytotoxic T cells / CD8+ cells 3) Regulatory T cells (suppressor cells)
47
What do helper T cells do
Secrete Cytokines (eg. Interluekins)
48
what do cytokines from helper T cells do
activate phagocytes Trigger inflammation Stimulate division/activate other T & B cells
49
What do cytotoxic T cells do
Secretion lymphotoxin (eg. Granzymes, perforins)
50
what lymphotoxin do
Direct killing of virus infected cells, cancer cells, diseased cells by the same mechanisms of NK cells
51
what do regulatory T cells do
Secrete inhibitory cytokines
52
what do inhibitory cytokines do
Suppress T & B cell activity | stops lymphocyte activity
53
What do antigen presenting cells do (eg. Dendritic)
1) Phagocytize/ ingest pathogens 2) Process pathogens & present foreign antigens in MHC II to T cells 3) Activates T cells
54
why do we need antigen presenting cells
because T cells can only see antigen if its presented in MHC
55
where does antigen presentation usually occur
in lymphoid tissue
56
What do virus infected cells do
present foreign antigens - attach MHC protein on cell surface this will activate T cells
57
what do sensitized B cells do
Endoytosis of antigen - present foreign antigen attached to MHC protein on cell surface. This activates T cells
58
who can activate T cells
1) APC (Dendritic) 2) Virus infected cells 3) Sensitized B cells
59
What is dendritic cells role
- Professional APCS - phagocytes - reside in tissues that are in contact w/ external environment. - Often the first leukocyte to encounter a pathogen - constantly sample environment for viruses/ bacteria - migrate to lymph nodes where they're presenting antigens to activate specific T & B cells
60
Explain class 1 MHC
all cells present normal self peptide fragments in MHC 1. If they start presenting abnormal on MHC 1 = kill me.
61
what would displaying abnormal cell fragments one MHC1 do?
activates cytotoxic T cells to destroy abnormal cells
62
Explain class 2 MHC
- only APC's have it | - means "find this & destroy it"
63
what does class 2 MHC activate
HELPER T cells /CD4+ cells
64
What do they helper T cells do when they are activated
release cytokines that cause cell division
65
Explain step by step: Antigen presentation in MHC-1 By virus infected cell
1) Virus infected cell 2) infected cell makes viral proteins 3) Infected cell presents viral proteins/antigens in MHC-1 4) specific cytotoxic T cell secretes chemicals (perforins & granzymes) that destroy infected cell 6) Apoptosis (cell death)
66
Explain step by step: Antigen presentation in MHC-2 by a phagocyte (Dendritic cell or macrophage)
1) Phagocytosis of pathogen 2) Procession of bacterial antigens in phagolysosome 3) bacterial antigen fragments displayed in MHC-2 4) Specific T helper cell activated by interaction with antigen/MHC2 couples 5) Helper T cell releases Cytokines that attract & activate other leukocytes (B cells) and the helper T Divdes to produce ore helper T cells and long lived memory helper T cells
67
Explain step by step: Antigen presentation in MHC-2 by a B cell
1) B cell receptor interacts w/ a specific bacterial or viral antigen - this sensitizes it 2) B cell endocytosis of antigen & presents Antigen in MHC-2 3) Specific helper T cell interacts w/ antigen/MHC complex. This activate the T cell division 4) Helper T cell releases Cytokines that activate B cell. This is called co-stimulation 5) Activated B cells Divide pricing clones, plasma cells & memory B cells
68
What is active naturally acquired immunity
being infected with a pathogen & forming memory T & B cells & antibodies
69
what is passive, naturally acquired immunity
Receiving antibodies from mother @ birth via breastmilk, placenta
70
what is active artificial acquired immunity
vacine -> form memory T & B cells & antibodies
71
what is passive artificially acquired immunity
gamma globulin injection that just gives u antibodies
72
What is immunodeficiency
decreased production of normal T & B cells, complement phagocytes or antibodies ex. Hdgekins lymph node cancer, AIDS (destruction of Helper T
73
what is autoimmune disease
Failure to distinguish self from non-self ex. MS (myeline sheath attacked), Hashimoto (thyroid attacked), rheumatoid arthritis (joint) type 1 diabetes (beta cells) lupus (everything)
74
Immunoglobulines are composed of ...
peptide chains

BIO 153 final (Lab Exam + Lecture) (13 decks)

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