Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIO 153 final (Lab Exam + Lecture) > Metabolism review > Flashcards

Metabolism review Flashcards

(81 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is metabolism

A

Sum of all biochemical reaction in the body
All occur in cells, catalyzed by enzymes
Both anabolic (join together) and catabolic (Break apart)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does anabolic mean

A

join together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does catabolic mean

A

break apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Energy released from catabolism…. can be used to make

A

ATP from ADP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

explain the metabolism circle

A

1) Macromolecules (polymers- Proteins, complex carb, triglycerides)
2) Catabolic rxn.
- Hydrolysis of large molecules ( Releases energy)
3) Small molecules (monomers - amino acids, monosaccharides, fatty acids)
4) Anabolic reactions
- build large molecules (stores energy in new chemical bonds)
* **just keeps going & going

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what type of reaction stores energy

A

anabolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what type of reaction released energy

A

catabolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define catabolic reaction & what kind of molecule does it act on

A

Hydrolysis of lrg molecules that releases energy.

Such as Proteins, Complex carbs, Triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define anabolic reaction & what kind of molecules does it act on

A

Builds large molecules (Stores energy in new chemical bonds)
Such as amino acids, monosaccharides, fatty acids (monomers basically)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Adrenosinetriphosphate

A

The energy currency of cells

Energy in phosphate bonds of ATP can be used directly to fuel metabolic reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the energy released when the phosphate bond is broken

A

34kJ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is basal metabolic rate

A

energy required for body to perform all essential processes

***DOESNT include energy expended by activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are essential processes

A

growth, maintenance, heat, nutrition storage, secretion, transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is basal metabolic rate affected by

A

age, sex, body composition, body shape/surface area, hormones (esp. thyroid), stress, environmental temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are metabolic reserves

A

energy stored in the human body
85% is stored as triglycerides
14.5% is stored as skeletal muscle
0.5% is stored as glycogen/blood glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how do most cells generate ATP

A

by metabolizing carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the most readily available for carbohydrate metabolism

A

Glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is glycogen

A

a polymer of glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

liver & Muscle (it’s the carbohydrate storage in these places)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how long can glycogen fuel your body

A

about 90 mins of intense exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is glycogenesis

A

1) Part of glycogen metabolism
2) Anabolic process
3) Making glycogen from glucose in the liver & muscle]
Glucose -> glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is glycogenolysis

A

1) Part of glycogen metabolism
2) Catabolic
3) Breaking down glycogen to form glucose
Glycogen -> glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do you use when ur out of glycogen

A

Glucose (C6H12O6)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens to glucose

A

cellular respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is cellular respiration
Catabolism of glucose -> energy used to make ATP | can be aerobic or anaerobic
26
What is aerobic cellular respiration
catabolism of glucose with oxygen
27
where do most steps of aerobic cellular respiration take place
Mitochondria.
28
the catabolism of one glucose molecules yields ____ ATP
36-38
29
what are the products of aerobic cellular respiration
Co2 & H20
30
White out cellular respiration equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + H2)
31
What are the 3 main steps of Aerobic cellular respiration
1) Glycolysis 2) Citric acid/krebs cycle 3) Electron transport & chemiosomsis
32
what happens in glycolysis
* Sugar splitting! - Anaerobic step (No O2 required) - glucose split into 2 pyruvate - enough energy is released to make 2ATP - Catabolic, releases energy
33
where does glycolysis take place
cytoplasm
34
how many carbons does each pyruvate have
3
35
what happens to the pyruvate made in glycolysis
It's transported into mitochondria
36
what is the net outcome of glycolysis
2ATP & 2 NADH | 4 ATP are made by 2 are used some energy is stored in molecules called NADH
37
where does the krebs cycle take place
the matrix of the mitochondria
38
What happens to pyruvate in krebs cycle
It is broke down, Carbon is released as CO2. | Then acetylCOA transported it into the krebs cycle
39
What does NAD stand for & do
Nicotinamide denier dinucleotide Picks up hydrogens/ electrons during various processes of cellular respiration via reduction reaction. Manufacture day B vitamins.
40
what does FAD stand for and do
Flavin Adenin dinucleotide Picks up hydrogens/ electrons during various processes of cellular respiration via reduction reaction. Becomes FADH2. Manufactured by B vitamins
41
why must each glucose go through krebs cycle twice
b/c there a 2 pyruvate
42
what energy does the krebs cycle net per glucose
2ATP. Some NADH & FADH (energy is stored in the chemical bonds of these compounds (3Carbons leaves in the form of CO2 )
43
What is the pruspose of the electron transport & chemiosmosis step
Get energy out of bonds in NADH & FADH2
44
what happens to hydrogens in the electron transport & chemiosomosis stage
Hydrogens are transferred from NADH & FADH2 to a series of acceptors
45
where are the acceptors in electron transport & chemiosmosis
Inner membrane/ crystal of mitochondria called the CYTOCHROME OXIDASE SYSTEM
46
What is the terminal acceptor in oxydase electron chain transport
Oxygen because it's an aerobic metabolism process. | Oxygen picks up the electrons & protons & Forms H20
47
how much ATP does electron transport & chemiosmosis net
34 ATP by the process of chemiosismosis using a proton powered enzyme called ATP SYNTHASE
48
what is a hydrogen atom
1 electron and 1 proton
49
How is energy released in Electron transport & chemiosmosis and what is it used for
E- are passed from 1 acceptor to another in the cytochrome oxidase system -> energy is released this energy used to actively transport H+ into intermembranouse space & creates the proton gradient ***H+ is then moved back into the matrix, down it's concentration gradient through a transport protein called ATP SYNTHASE which is also an ATP synthesizing enzyme
50
what does ATP synthase do
Moves H+ back into the matrix down it's concentration gradient. It is a transport protein & an ATP synthesizing enzyme. H+ is then combined with the electron & the terminal accepted O2 to great h20.
51
What is chemiosmosis
the movement of ions across membrane, down conc. graitent that generates ATP. This is what the ATP synthase does.
52
Overview of glycolysis
- +2 ATP - Anerobic - in cytoplasm
53
net of krebs cycle
2 atp
54
net of electron transport chain & chemisosmosis
34ATP
55
explain aerobic cellular respiration
- Catabolism of glucose without oxygen - No Co2 or H20 Produced - glycolysis only. - Yeilds only 2 ATP per glucose - produces lactic acid
56
What does aerobic respiration produce
lactic acid from pyruvate.
57
Is anaerobic very effective?
no it's ineffective. | Rapidly depletes glucose/glycogen stores
58
Why do almost all living creatures need O2
Necessary terminal acceptor for electron transport & effective oxidation of glucose
59
What happens when glucose & glycogen stores are used up
Gluconeogenesis
60
What is gluconeogenesis
making glucose from non-carbs IN THE LIVER.
61
why does gluconeogenesis need to occur?
Most cells can just metabolize fatty acids or amino acids for energy if glucose is gone. BUT the brain is very reliant of glucose
62
What things can the liver use to proceed glucose | Gluconeogenesis
Glycerol from fatty acids | amino acids & lactic acid
63
What is proteogenesis
- anabolic, making proteins. | - amino acids into proteins
64
where does proteogenesis occur
liver & muscle tissue
65
what is ketoacidosis
can happen from excessive protein metabolism
66
what is proteolysis
- Catabolic - Breaking proteins down. - Proteins -> amino acids - Aminos can be used for energy by they must be MODIFIED
67
how are amino acids modified so that they can be used for energy
Deamination: Removal or amino (NH2) group from an acid. The amino group is removed & converted into urea & excreted in urine. The ketoacid is the deaminated part.
68
what can a ketoacid do to be used as energy
it can be converted into pyruvate
69
What is transamination
Transfer of amino group from one amino acid to a ketoacid to produce a different amino acid that can be metabolized for energy or used to make a protein.
70
why is transamination necessary
because only some amino acids can be directly metabolized for energy
71
Why is lipolysis
- Catabolic - Breakdown of stored cat (Triglycerides) - Glycerol converted into pyruvate and Fatty acids converted into acetyl-coa -> this is called beta oxidation.
72
what can glycerol be converted into
pyruvate
73
what can fatty acids be converted into
acetyl-coa
74
beta oxidation of fatty acids produces...
ketones which are organic acids
75
If carbs aren't available as fuel (Diabetes, starvation, low carb diets) ...
an accumulation of toxic/acidic metabolites (ketoacidosis) occur
76
what is lipogenesis
- Anabolic - Triglyceride synthesis from protein + Carb - Glucose into glycerol - Amino acids into fatty acid
77
when does lipogenesis occur
when dietary intake of nutrients exceeds what is required. You'll store triglycerides in adipocytes
78
Explain cholesterol metabolism/synthesis
<15% cholesterol from dietary source <85% synthesized from fatty acids in liver -Eating dietary saturated fatty acids, increases cholesterol synthesis
79
What is the absorptive state
after eating -lasts several hours - anabolic reactions prevail & thus there is storage. 1) After eating blood glucose increases 2) Pancreas secretes insulin 3) The insulin effects the liver, muscles & adipose 4) In the liver, the insulin triggers: Glycogenesis, Proteogenesis & lipogenesis 5) In the adipose it triggers lipogenesis 6) In the muscles it triggers proteogenesis & glycogenesis
80
What is the post-absorptive state
the fasted state where nutrients aren't being absorbed 1) Fasted state causes blood glucose to decrease a lot 2) This causes effects on the adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla, and pancreas 3) The pancreas secretes glucagon which triggers glycogeneolysis in liver & muscle cells 4) The adrenal medulla secreted epinephrine 5) The adrenal cortex secretes cortisol 6) The cortisol causes lipolysis in adipose, Proteolysis in liver & muscle & gluconeogenesis in the liver
81
what is glucose sparring
blood glucose is saved for the brain. | Brain can also use ketones for energy.

BIO 153 final (Lab Exam + Lecture) (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions