Lab exam 1 Flashcards
(27 cards)
What is the nature of spontaneous reactions? in what way does the distribution of energy change durning such a process?
A reaction that favours the formation of products. In all spontaneous reaction processes, energy becomes more dispersed in the universe (2nd Law of thermodynamics) more energy is wasted (more disordered state).
What does the first law of thermodynamics state?
Energy can not be created or destroyed inane isolated system. Energy can only be transferred or changed from one form to another.
What is the second law of Thermodynamics
Entropy of any isolated system always increases. (more disordered) (messy room example)
Even though a process is clearly spontaneous, why doesn’t it occur rapidly? Why don’t complex macromolecules (glucose) rapidly break down into their monomer constituents ( H2O, CO2)?
A spontaneous reaction doesn’t occur rapidly because of the activation barrier (minimum amount of energy needed for reaction to occur)
How do amylase, trypsin, and lipase reactions demonstrate spontaneous processes?
Because they are released unchanged and can react with additional substrate molecules.
In what ways do living organisms benefit from the existence of activation energy barriers?
living organisms benefit because they won’t automatically react and use up essential molecules immediately
How can activation energy barriers be overcome?
a) inputting energy to overcome the barrier-adding heat speeds it up. b) lower the Ea by adding an enzyme
What is the role of enzymes? how do enzymes enable life?
speed up the rate of chemical reactions by reducing Ea. They are vital for life and serve to function in the body, such as aiding in digestion and metabolism.
Why is it necessary to separate some enzymes from some parts of your body?
each enzyme plays out different functions
What are enzymes made from?
amino acids (proteins)
What is an enzyme substrate? what is a product of a reaction
An enzyme substrate is a molecule which is acted upon by an enzyme. A product is the combined substrates that result from the reaction.
How do enzymes recognize and bind to other substrates?is the shape of the important for substrate binding and catalytic activity?
Enzymes recognize and bind to specific substrates based on shape. very important
Why is an enzymes quaternary tertiary and secondary shape destroyed if you heat it up too high (boiling)
because the enzyme becomes denatured (unfolded). the hydrogen bonds are broken
Why does enzymatically canalized reactions slow down at lower temperatures?
Because there are less collisions, therefor bonds aren’t broken and reformed as often
why is it necessary to use indicators in amylase and lipase based experiments?
To determine if there is any starch or maltose present
What is Lugol’s solution used for?
to determine if there is any presence of starch in the solution.
if there are 2 solutions treated with Lugol’s solution. what does it mean if one solution is purple and the other is orange?
the purple solution- contains starch.
the orange solution- doesn’t contain starch
What is Benedicts solution used for?
used to determine if there is any precedes of simple reducing sugars (maltose) present.
If 2 solutions are treated with Benedicts solution what does it mean if one has orange red solution the other has a blue solution?
orange- contains maltose
blue- no maltose
what does limes indicate?
indicates the pH level. H+ present.
why was litmus was useful in the lipase experiment?
it was helpful to indicate the pH going down as the fat was hydrolyzed to free fatty acids and glycerol
How is a synthetic substrate different from an indicator?
A synthetic substrate is chemically created to show colour where an indicator shows pH
How does trypsin recognize BAPNA?
Trypsin recognizes BAPNA as a substrate.
How can amphipathic molecules help remove grease from your hands?
Help remove grease by using hydrophobic heads that interact with the oil and sequester it.
