Lab Exam 2 Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
What are the two major branches of the efferent neural pathways?
A
Autonomic and somatic motor neurons
2
Q
Positive or negative feedback loop?
Decrease in carbon dioxide below normal levels.
A
Negative
3
Q
Positive or negative feedback loop?
Increase in blood pressure above normal levels?
A
Negative
4
Q
Positive or negative feedback loop?
Uterine contractions during the birthing process.
A
Positive
5
Q
Positive or negative feedback loop?
Accumulation of hydrogen ions in body fluids.
A
Negative
6
Q
The structure that can act to adjust the system/ environment based on the specific stimulus
A
Effector
7
Q
The outcome of the action taken by the effector.
A
Response
8
Q
The structure that serves as a communication pathway between the structure that detects the stimulus and the structure that can process information about it
A
Afferent pathway
9
Q
The change in a physiological variable/ measure in the body’s environment
A
Stimulus
10
Q
What the effector does
A
Effector’s action
11
Q
The structure that detects a change in the physiological variable.
A
Sensor
12
Q
The structure that serves as a communication pathway between the structure that processes information about the stimulus and the structure that can act to adjust the system/ environment
A
Efferent pathway
13
Q
The structure that can process information about the physiological change.
A
Integrating center
14
Q
What type of sensor detects this stimulus?
Blood oxygen
A
Chemoreceptor
15
Q
What type of sensor detects this stimulus?
Body fluid H+
A
Chemoreceptor
16
Q
What type of sensor detects this stimulus?
Light
A
Photoreceptor
17
Q
What type of sensor detects this stimulus?
Body temerature
A
Thermoreceptor
18
Q
What type of sensor detects this stimulus?
Blood carbon dioxide
A
Chemoreceptor
19
Q
What type of sensor detects this stimulus?
Pain
A
Nociceptor
20
Q
What type of sensor detects this stimulus?
Osmolarity of body fluids
A
Osmoreceptor
21
Q
What type of sensor detects this stimulus?
Blood pressure
A
Baroreceptor
22
Q
Name the integrating center for this stimulus.
Blood pressure
A
Medulla oblongata and hypothalamus
23
Q
Name the integrating center for this stimulus.
Appetite
A
Hypothalamus
24
Q
Name the integrating center for this stimulus.
Blood CO2
A
Medulla oblongata and pons
25
Name the integrating center for this stimulus.
Osmolarity
Hypothalamus
26
Name the integrating center for this stimulus.
Blood pH
Medulla oblongata and pons
27
Name the integrating center for this stimulus.
Temperature
Hypothalamus
28
Name the integrating center for this stimulus.
Hearing
Primary auditory cortex
29
Name the integrating center for this stimulus.
Smell
Primary olfactory cortex
30
Name the integrating center for this stimulus.
Ventilation
Medulla oblongata and pons
31
Name the integrating center for this stimulus.
Thirst
Hypothalamus
32
The thermoregulatory center is located here:
Hypothalamus
33
Change in temperature is detected by this type of sensor:
Thermoreceptor
34
Body temperature below the normal range is called:
Hypothermia
35
Body temperature above the normal range is called:
Hyperthermia
36
The average body temperature in the human body is: (in degrees C)
37 degrees C
37
The generation of heat is called:
Thermogenesis
38
Heat transfer from direct contact with an object, such as gaining heat from the water in a hot tub, is this type.
Conductive
39
This type of heat loss is significantly reduced on a humid day.
Evaporative
40
Rapid muscle contraction-relaxation cycles are responsible for this type of heat production.
Shivering thermogenesis
41
The effectors for evaporative heat loss are:
Sweat glands
42
The most dangerous condition related to hyperthermia is ______, which has a 50% mortality rate.
Heat stroke
43
______ blood vessels/ arterioles that are located just below the skin surface are involved in maintaining body temperature in the cold and in the heat.
Cutaneous
44
The effector for generating heat in the body when temperature is well below normal is: ______.
Skeletal muscles
45
These signal molecules are cytokines that can increase the set point for temperature and cause fever during infection.
Pyrogens
46
Acceleration - general receptor type?
Mechanoreceptor
47
Acceleration - specific receptor cell(s)?
Hair cells
48
Acceleration - stimulus/stimuli detected?
Rotational and linear acceleration
49
Hearing - general receptor type
Mechanoreceptor
50
Hearing - specific receptor cell(s)?
Hair cells
51
Hearing - Stimulus/ stimuli detected?
Sound pressure waves
52
Taste - General receptor type?
chemoreceptor
53
Taste - specific receptor cell(s)?
Taste cells in taste buds
54
Taste - stimulus/ stimuli detected
Molecules in food
55
Olfaction - general receptor type?
Chemoreceptor
56
Olfaction - specific receptor cell(s)?
Primary olfactory neurons
57
Olfaction - stimulus/ stimuli detected?
Odorant molecules
58
The process of converting one type of signal into another (e.g., odorant molecules into a neural signal by the olfactory receptors) is called ______?
Sensory transduction
59
Signals from this special sense do not pass through the thalamus.
Olfaction
60
The stimuli for this special sense are molecules that bind to the receptive regions of neurons called ______ that are located in the nasal cavity.
Dendrites
61
Reduced transmission of sound waves through the middle ear to the oval window is referred to as _______ deafness.
Conduction
62
Which test is used to evaluate for conduction deafness?
Rinne's
63
Another type of deafness is due to auditory nerve damage. This is called ______ deafness.
Sensory
64
This test is used to evaluate for sensory deafness.
Weber's
65
If light with a wavelength of 450 nm were to enter your eye, you would see the color ______.
blue
66
Which cone type(s) will activate for blue?
Blue cones only
67
Immediately following the chair spinning exercise, the eyes moved rapidly from side to side. This eye movement is called ______.
Nystagmus
68
The receptor cells that detect the rotational acceleration are called ______ cells.
Hair
69
(In the chair spin lab) The coordination of hair cells and the eyes is due to the activation of the ______ reflex.
Vestibulo-ocular
70
Exposure to a specific color for a few minutes or an extremely bright light can cause someone to see an image even after the image has been removed. What is "seen" is called an ______ and is due to the slow return of the photoreceptor's pigment to its resting shape.
Afterimage
71
The temporarily altered state of the pigment, after exposure to a specific color for a few minutes or an extremely bright light, is called _______.
Bleaching
72
The ability to see only parts of the color scale by the activation of only two different cone types is called _____ vision.
Dichromatic
73
Someone with all 3 functional cone types would have ______ vision.
Trichromatic
74
The test used to assess color vision in class is called the _______ test.
Ishihara
75
Skeletal muscles cells are innervated by these neurons.
Somatic motor neurons
76
Extensions of the sarcolemma that run deep into the muscle cell are called:
Transverse tubules
77
The technical term for a resting cell's membrane potential becoming more positive is:
Depolarization
78
The electrical activity in cells is caused by the movement of ______ into or out of the cell.
Ions
79
The data collection system used in this class to measure physiological activity in some organ systems is named:
Biopac Student Lab
80
At what length is the muscle able to produce the greatest amount of force (tension)?
Mid-length
81
At what length is there the least alignment between the myosin and actin?
Longest
82
What is this test called? And what does it test? What kind of results would you expect for a person that has “enhanced” or better-than-normal vision?
The Snellen Eye Chart. It is a test of visual acuity. 20/15 would be better-than-normal vision.
83
At what length Is the thin filament crossing in the middle, preventing the binding of some of the myosin heads? (Choose from shortest, mid-length, longest)
Shortest
84
At what length is the overlap between the thick and thin filaments and the alignment of actin and myosin optimum for force development? (Choose between shortest, mid-length, and longest)
Mid-length
85
At the fastest velocity, how much can the muscle lift (i.e., load)?
Light loads
86
Name all of the structures in this figure.
1. Whole muscle
2. Fasicle
3. Muscle cell/fiber
4. Tendon
87
Name all of the structures in this figure.
5. Muscle cell/fiber
6. Transverse Tubules
7. Nucelus
8. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
9. Sarcolemma
10. Mitochondrion
11. Myofibril
12. Myofillaments
13. Terminal Cisternae for Ca2+ Ions
88
The relationship between force and the rate of the muscle shortening can best be described as:
Indirect/ inverse
89
Reflexes that involve two or more synapses in the spinal cord are called:
Polysynaptic reflexes
90
Reflexes that require input from the brain are called:
Cranial reflexes
91
These reflexes typically involve sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons.
Autonomic reflexes
92
The efferent pathway for reflexes involving skeletal muscle is always (major branch of the efferent division):
Somatic motor neurons
93
Neurons that are completely contained within the central nervous system are called:
Interneurons
94
Skeletal muscles reflexes use sensory receptors located in the muscles, joint capsules, and ligaments. They are called:
Proprioceptors
95
Visceral reflexes use these efferent neurons (major branch of the efferent division):
Autonomic neurons
96
When the Golgi tendon organ is activated, what neurotransmitter is released by the interneuron to the somatic motor neuron?
Glycine
97
For the muscle spindle reflex, what is the stimulus?
Increased muscle stretch
98
For the muscle spindle reflex, what is the sensor?
Muscle spindle in the belly of the agonist muscle
99
For the muscle spindle reflex, what is the afferent pathway?
Sensory neurons
100
For the muscle spindle reflex, what is the integrating center?
Spinal cord
101
For the muscle spindle reflex, what is the efferent pathway?
Increased alpha motor neuron release of acetylcholine
102
For the muscle spindle reflex, what is the effector?
Extrafusal fibers of agonist muscle with nicotinic receptors
103
For the muscle spindle reflex, what is the effector's action?
Agonist muscle contracts to support additional weight
104
For the muscle spindle reflex, what is the response?
Decreased muscle stretch
105
For the Golgi tendon organ reflex, what is the stimulus?
Excessive force on muscle
106
For the Golgi tendon organ reflex, what is the sensor?
Golgi tendon organ in the musculotendonous junction
107
For the Golgi tendon organ reflex, what is the afferent pathway?
Sensory neurons
108
For the Golgi tendon organ reflex, what is the integrating center?
Spinal cord
109
For the Golgi tendon organ reflex, what is the efferent pathway?
Decreased alpha motor neuron release of acetylcholine
110
For the Golgi tendon organ reflex, what is the effector?
Extrafusal fibers of agonist muscle with nicotinic receptors
111
For the Golgi tendon organ reflex, what is the effector's action?
Agonist muscle relaxes and limb releases load
112
For the Golgi tendon organ reflex, what is the response?
Decreased load on muscle
113
For the muscle spindle reflex, was the agonist muscle excited or inhibited?
Excited
114
For the Golgi tendon organ reflex, was the agonist muscle excited or inhibited?
Inhibited
115
Which of Lab 7's reflex tests were examples of stretch reflexes?
Patellar, Achilles, and Biceps
116
What is the sensor for the stretch reflex?
Muscle spindle
117
If a patient had an abnormal response to the patella reflex, it might indicate that there are neural problems originating where in the spinal cord?
(Lumbar region (L2-L4)
118
During a normal response to the patellar tendon reflex, what type of signal (excitatroy or inhibitory) is being sent to the somatic motor neurons of the hamstring muscles?
Inhibitory
119
The measurement of the number of cardiac cycles per minute is the definition of:
Heart rate
120
The measurement of electrical activity in the heart is called:
Electrocardiography
121
The pacemaker of the heart is the:
Sinoatrial node
122
When this neurotransmitter binds to its receptors at the cells of the heart's pacemaker, heart rate decreases.
Acetylcholine
123
When this neurotransmitter binds to its receptors at the cells of the heart's pacemaker, heart rate increases.
Norepinephrine
124
The special 1% of myocardial cells that spread an impulse very rapidly through the heart are called ______ cells.
Conducting myocardial cells
125
The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with every contraction is called:
Stroke volume
126
The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle every minute is called:
Cardiac output
127
Starting with the heart's pacemaker, put these steps of the Electrical Conduction Pathway in order from first to last.
- Atrioventricular node
- Bundle of His
- Internodal pathway
- Purkinje fibers
- Right and left bundle branches
- Sinoatrial node
1. Sinoatrial node
2. Internodal pathway
3. Atrioventricular node
4. Bundle of His
5. Right and left bundle branches
6. Purkinje fibers
128
Action potentials can spread from one cell to the next because myocardial cells have these cell-to-cell connections.
Gap junctions
