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BIO 206: PHYSIOLOGY > Lab Exam 4 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

substances from the blood plasma that have been filtered out

A

urine

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2
Q

a nitrogenous waste product filtered out by the kidneys, it is a by-product of protein metabolism

A

urea

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3
Q

by-product of nucleic acid metabolism

A

uric acid

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4
Q

Definition of erythropoietin in regards to the kidneys:

A

When O2 is low, the kidneys will secrete erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow.

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5
Q

Definition of the nephron:

A

The functional unit of the kidneys.

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6
Q

blood flows from the renal arteries into this structure, then into the 1st capillary bed

A

afferent arteriole

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7
Q

blood leaving the glomerulus flows into this structure, then into the 2nd capillary bed

A

efferent arteriole

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8
Q

ball like network of capillaries in the kidney; site of filtration

A

glomerulus

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9
Q

capsule-shaped membranous structure surrounding the glomerulus of each nephron in the kidneys

A

bowman’s capsule

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10
Q

begins at the renal pole to the beginning of the loop of Henle, reabsorbs filtrate

A

proximal tubule

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11
Q

responsible for the regulation of K+, Na+, Ca2+, & pH.

A

distal tubule

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12
Q

consists of a series of tubules & ducts that physically connect nephrons to a minor calyx or the renal pelvis

A

collecting duct

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13
Q

peritubular capillaries in the kidney that dip into the medulla & then go back up to the cortex, forming hairpin loops

A

vasa recta

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14
Q

portion of the renal tubule that creates dilute urine & sets up the conditions needed to make concentrated urine

A

ascending limb of loop of henle

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15
Q

bulk movement of fluid from the blood into the nephron

A

filtration

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16
Q

returning substances from the filtrate back to the blood

A

reabsorption

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17
Q

movement of individual ions (H+, K+) from the blood into the nephron tubule

A

secretion

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18
Q

Increases Na+ reabsorption, increases K+ secretion

A

aldosterone

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19
Q

fluid that leaves the blood in the glomerulus & enters Boman’s capsule –> contains H2O, organic molecules, ions, and NO PROTEINS!

A

filtrate

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20
Q

How much filtrate does the kidney produce and excrete daily?

A

180L from the blood every day. Only 1-2L is excreted from the body daily

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21
Q

Definition of obligatory water loss:

A

a minimum of 400 mL per day must be excreted to remove waste products from metabolism.

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22
Q

Definition of hyperkalemia & hypokalemia:

A

When K+ levels are too high & above normal range. Hypo is below normal range.

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23
Q

Definition of vasopressin (AKA antidiuretic hormone):

A

will increase water reabsoprtion

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24
Q

Definition of atrial natriuretic hormone:

A

this is the agonist to vasopressing & aldosterone –> reduces water & Na+ reabsoprtion, and increases water excretion

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25
Which 8 organic molecules get filtered out of the blood and become part of the filtrate?
1. glucose 2. Co2 3. amino acids 4. vitamins 5. nitrogenous wastes 6. small proteins 7. bicarbonate 8. lipids
26
Which category of molecules in the plasma is prevented from passing through the glomerular filter?
plasma proteins --> albumins, transferrin, fibrinogen
27
Which major component of the blood (plasma vs. formed/cellular elements) contains substances that are completely prevented from passing thru the glomerular filter?
Formed elements
28
Water will move across a membrane to a location with more of these.
osmotically active solutes
29
If only water is being reabsorbed (e.g., leaving) from the descending limb, what happens to the concentration or osmolarity of the filtrate from the top of the limb to the bottom?
Osmolarity increases in the filtrate
30
If only ions are being reabsorbed (e.g., leaving) from the ascending limb, what happens to the concentration or osmolarity of the filtrate from the bottom of the limb to the top?
Osmolarity decreases in the filtrate
31
Which must move first-water from the descending limb or ions from the ascending limb? Why?
Ions must enter the blood first because water always moves by osmosis towards solutes.
32
If the nephron is the effect, what are the stimuli? List all 3.
↑ or ↓ total blood volume ↑ or ↓ blood osmolarity ↑ or ↓ pH (H+ concentration)
33
If a urine sample tested positive for protein, pH = 8.0, and tested positive for waxy casts and erythrocytes, what condition might exist?
A urinary tract infection (UTI) may exist
34
If a urine sample had a specific gravity of 1.040, tested positive for proteins and hyaline casts, what condition might exist?
The condition may be dehydration
35
The fluid that leaves the blood and moves through the functional unit of the kidney is called:
Filtrate
36
The kidney is the effector for this major one of the three major factors affecting blood pressure:
total blood volume
37
The process of fluid and suspended substances moving out of the glomerular capillaries and into the tubule is called:
filtration
38
the process of substances being taken from the nephron tubule and returned to the blood is called
reabsorption
39
urine is simply fluid removed from this major component of the blood
plasma
40
When someone is dehydrated bodily fluid becomes more concentrated with osmotically-active solutes. What are the sensors for detecting when the body is dehydrated or overhydrated?
Osmoreceptors
41
The elimination of materials from the body, for example through urine is called:
excretion
42
This type of signal molecule is secreted from endocrine cells into the blood
hromones
43
Target cells have ____ to which the signal molecule will bind
receptors
44
Epinephrine is this type of hormone. (chemical class)
amino-acid derived
45
Growth hormone is produced here.
anterior pituitary
46
Hormones of this chemical class can have receptors inside the cell (e.g., cytosol or nucleus)
steroid hormones
47
hormones produced by the adrenal cortex are all this type
steroid hormones
48
insulin is this type of hormone (chemical class)
peptide
49
the reproductive hormones (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, and other androgens) are this type. (Chem.)
steroid hormone
50
This hormone is secreted by the heart.
atrial natriuretic peptide
51
this hormone, also produced by the pancreas, has the opposite actions at target cells than insulin.
glucagon
52
vasopressin is secreted from this structure
posterior pituitary gland
53
State the 4 categories of biomolecules and their building blocks (monomers)
carbohydrates --> monosaccharides lipids --> fatty acids proteins --> amino acids nucleic acids --> nucleotides
54
What is the storage form of each of the two classes of biomolecules that are used for fuel?
carbohydrates --> glycogen lipids --> triglycerides
55
This is the process of breaking down the stored carbohydrates into its monomer
glyocgenolysis
56
The process of breaking down stored fat into its monomer is called:
lipolysis
57
Which energy pathway does glucose (carbohydrate monomer) enter?
Glycolysis
58
What is the final product of the glycolysis pathway? *ON LAB EXAM*
2 pyruvate, 2 NADH [nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H).], 2 net ATP.
59
What happens to this end-product under anaerobic conditions?
Lactic acid
60
In order to enter an energy pathway, fatty acids must be converted into acetyl CoA. Which pathway does this molecule enter?
citric acid cycle
61
What is the process of breaking down the fatty acid into acetyl CoA called?
Beta-oxidation
62
What type of hormone (chemical class) is produced in the pancreas?
Peptide hormones
63
What are the names of the hormones produced there?
Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide
64
Which hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary gland?
Vasopressin & oxytocin
65
In which chemical class do these hormones belong?
Pepetide hormones
66
Which gland produces aldosterone?
The adrenal cortex
67
Into which chemical class does aldosterone fall?
Steroid
68
Which hormone is produced in the skin?
Vitamin D3
69
What type of hormone is vitamin D3?
Steroid
70
Name the glucose transporters that are responsible for transporting glucose from the blood into liver cells:
GLUT-2 transporters
71
Name the glucose transporters that are responsible for transporting glucose from the blood into muscle cells:
GLUT-4 transporters
72
Name the glucose transporters that are responsible for transporting glucose from the blood into adipocytes cells:
GLUT-4 transporters
73
______ is the proposed mechanism for decreased responsiveness of the cells to insulin is this condition where a decreased # of receptors or transporters
insulin resistance
74
_____ is the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life
metabolism
75
_______ is the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy; deserve metabolism
catabolism
76
______ is the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together w/ the storage of energy; constructive metabolism
anabolism
77
_______ is the process of taking nutrients from the digestive system into the blood so they can be used in the body
absorption
78
______ is the occurence of new casts of disease/injury in a population over a specified period of time
incidence
79
______ is the term for higher amounts of glucose in the blood than normal
hyperglycemia
80
______ is the term for lower amounts of glucose in the blood than normal
hypoglycemia
81
_____ is a disease in which the body does not control the amount of glucose in the blood & kidneys make a large amount of urine
diabetes mellitus

BIO 206: PHYSIOLOGY (9 decks)

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