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BIO 206: PHYSIOLOGY > Lab Exam 4 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

substances from the blood plasma that have been filtered out

A

urine

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2
Q

a nitrogenous waste product filtered out by the kidneys, it is a by-product of protein metabolism

A

urea

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3
Q

by-product of nucleic acid metabolism

A

uric acid

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4
Q

Definition of erythropoietin in regards to the kidneys:

A

When O2 is low, the kidneys will secrete erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow.

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5
Q

Definition of the nephron:

A

The functional unit of the kidneys.

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6
Q

blood flows from the renal arteries into this structure, then into the 1st capillary bed

A

afferent arteriole

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7
Q

blood leaving the glomerulus flows into this structure, then into the 2nd capillary bed

A

efferent arteriole

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8
Q

ball like network of capillaries in the kidney; site of filtration

A

glomerulus

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9
Q

capsule-shaped membranous structure surrounding the glomerulus of each nephron in the kidneys

A

bowman’s capsule

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10
Q

begins at the renal pole to the beginning of the loop of Henle, reabsorbs filtrate

A

proximal tubule

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11
Q

responsible for the regulation of K+, Na+, Ca2+, & pH.

A

distal tubule

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12
Q

consists of a series of tubules & ducts that physically connect nephrons to a minor calyx or the renal pelvis

A

collecting duct

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13
Q

peritubular capillaries in the kidney that dip into the medulla & then go back up to the cortex, forming hairpin loops

A

vasa recta

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14
Q

portion of the renal tubule that creates dilute urine & sets up the conditions needed to make concentrated urine

A

ascending limb of loop of henle

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15
Q

bulk movement of fluid from the blood into the nephron

A

filtration

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16
Q

returning substances from the filtrate back to the blood

A

reabsorption

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17
Q

movement of individual ions (H+, K+) from the blood into the nephron tubule

A

secretion

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18
Q

Increases Na+ reabsorption, increases K+ secretion

A

aldosterone

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19
Q

fluid that leaves the blood in the glomerulus & enters Boman’s capsule –> contains H2O, organic molecules, ions, and NO PROTEINS!

A

filtrate

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20
Q

How much filtrate does the kidney produce and excrete daily?

A

180L from the blood every day. Only 1-2L is excreted from the body daily

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21
Q

Definition of obligatory water loss:

A

a minimum of 400 mL per day must be excreted to remove waste products from metabolism.

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22
Q

Definition of hyperkalemia & hypokalemia:

A

When K+ levels are too high & above normal range. Hypo is below normal range.

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23
Q

Definition of vasopressin (AKA antidiuretic hormone):

A

will increase water reabsoprtion

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24
Q

Definition of atrial natriuretic hormone:

A

this is the agonist to vasopressing & aldosterone –> reduces water & Na+ reabsoprtion, and increases water excretion

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25
Q

Which 8 organic molecules get filtered out of the blood and become part of the filtrate?

A
  1. glucose
  2. Co2
  3. amino acids
  4. vitamins
  5. nitrogenous wastes
  6. small proteins
  7. bicarbonate
  8. lipids
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26
Q

Which category of molecules in the plasma is prevented from passing through the glomerular filter?

A

plasma proteins –> albumins, transferrin, fibrinogen

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27
Q

Which major component of the blood (plasma vs. formed/cellular elements) contains substances that are completely prevented from passing thru the glomerular filter?

A

Formed elements

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28
Q

Water will move across a membrane to a location with more of these.

A

osmotically active solutes

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29
Q

If only water is being reabsorbed (e.g., leaving) from the descending limb, what happens to the concentration or osmolarity of the filtrate from the top of the limb to the bottom?

A

Osmolarity increases in the filtrate

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30
Q

If only ions are being reabsorbed (e.g., leaving) from the ascending limb, what happens to the concentration or osmolarity of the filtrate from the bottom of the limb to the top?

A

Osmolarity decreases in the filtrate

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31
Q

Which must move first-water from the descending limb or ions from the ascending limb? Why?

A

Ions must enter the blood first because water always moves by osmosis towards solutes.

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32
Q

If the nephron is the effect, what are the stimuli? List all 3.

A

↑ or ↓ total blood volume
↑ or ↓ blood osmolarity
↑ or ↓ pH (H+ concentration)

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33
Q

If a urine sample tested positive for protein, pH = 8.0, and tested positive for waxy casts and erythrocytes, what condition might exist?

A

A urinary tract infection (UTI) may exist

34
Q

If a urine sample had a specific gravity of 1.040, tested positive for proteins and hyaline casts, what condition might exist?

A

The condition may be dehydration

35
Q

The fluid that leaves the blood and moves through the functional unit of the kidney is called:

A

Filtrate

36
Q

The kidney is the effector for this major one of the three major factors affecting blood pressure:

A

total blood volume

37
Q

The process of fluid and suspended substances moving out of the glomerular capillaries and into the tubule is called:

A

filtration

38
Q

the process of substances being taken from the nephron tubule and returned to the blood is called

A

reabsorption

39
Q

urine is simply fluid removed from this major component of the blood

A

plasma

40
Q

When someone is dehydrated bodily fluid becomes more concentrated with osmotically-active solutes. What are the sensors for detecting when the body is dehydrated or overhydrated?

A

Osmoreceptors

41
Q

The elimination of materials from the body, for example through urine is called:

A

excretion

42
Q

This type of signal molecule is secreted from endocrine cells into the blood

A

hromones

43
Q

Target cells have ____ to which the signal molecule will bind

A

receptors

44
Q

Epinephrine is this type of hormone. (chemical class)

A

amino-acid derived

45
Q

Growth hormone is produced here.

A

anterior pituitary

46
Q

Hormones of this chemical class can have receptors inside the cell (e.g., cytosol or nucleus)

A

steroid hormones

47
Q

hormones produced by the adrenal cortex are all this type

A

steroid hormones

48
Q

insulin is this type of hormone (chemical class)

A

peptide

49
Q

the reproductive hormones (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, and other androgens) are this type. (Chem.)

A

steroid hormone

50
Q

This hormone is secreted by the heart.

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

51
Q

this hormone, also produced by the pancreas, has the opposite actions at target cells than insulin.

A

glucagon

52
Q

vasopressin is secreted from this structure

A

posterior pituitary gland

53
Q

State the 4 categories of biomolecules and their building blocks (monomers)

A

carbohydrates –> monosaccharides
lipids –> fatty acids
proteins –> amino acids
nucleic acids –> nucleotides

54
Q

What is the storage form of each of the two classes of biomolecules that are used for fuel?

A

carbohydrates –> glycogen
lipids –> triglycerides

55
Q

This is the process of breaking down the stored carbohydrates into its monomer

A

glyocgenolysis

56
Q

The process of breaking down stored fat into its monomer is called:

A

lipolysis

57
Q

Which energy pathway does glucose (carbohydrate monomer) enter?

A

Glycolysis

58
Q

What is the final product of the glycolysis pathway? ON LAB EXAM

A

2 pyruvate, 2 NADH [nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H).], 2 net ATP.

59
Q

What happens to this end-product under anaerobic conditions?

A

Lactic acid

60
Q

In order to enter an energy pathway, fatty acids must be converted into acetyl CoA. Which pathway does this molecule enter?

A

citric acid cycle

61
Q

What is the process of breaking down the fatty acid into acetyl CoA called?

A

Beta-oxidation

62
Q

What type of hormone (chemical class) is produced in the pancreas?

A

Peptide hormones

63
Q

What are the names of the hormones produced there?

A

Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide

64
Q

Which hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Vasopressin & oxytocin

65
Q

In which chemical class do these hormones belong?

A

Pepetide hormones

66
Q

Which gland produces aldosterone?

A

The adrenal cortex

67
Q

Into which chemical class does aldosterone fall?

A

Steroid

68
Q

Which hormone is produced in the skin?

A

Vitamin D3

69
Q

What type of hormone is vitamin D3?

A

Steroid

70
Q

Name the glucose transporters that are responsible for transporting glucose from the blood into liver cells:

A

GLUT-2 transporters

71
Q

Name the glucose transporters that are responsible for transporting glucose from the blood into muscle cells:

A

GLUT-4 transporters

72
Q

Name the glucose transporters that are responsible for transporting glucose from the blood into adipocytes cells:

A

GLUT-4 transporters

73
Q

______ is the proposed mechanism for decreased responsiveness of the cells to insulin is this condition where a decreased # of receptors or transporters

A

insulin resistance

74
Q

_____ is the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life

A

metabolism

75
Q

_______ is the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy; deserve metabolism

A

catabolism

76
Q

______ is the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together w/ the storage of energy; constructive metabolism

A

anabolism

77
Q

_______ is the process of taking nutrients from the digestive system into the blood so they can be used in the body

A

absorption

78
Q

______ is the occurence of new casts of disease/injury in a population over a specified period of time

A

incidence

79
Q

______ is the term for higher amounts of glucose in the blood than normal

A

hyperglycemia

80
Q

______ is the term for lower amounts of glucose in the blood than normal

A

hypoglycemia

81
Q

_____ is a disease in which the body does not control the amount of glucose in the blood & kidneys make a large amount of urine

A

diabetes mellitus

BIO 206: PHYSIOLOGY (9 decks)

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