Unit 2 Flashcards
(122 cards)
What happens during G0? What comes after it?
Normal specialized cell functions happen during G0 phase. When mitogens are introduced the cell enters interphase at the G1 phase.
What happens during G1? What stages come before and after it?
G1 is a period of cell growth, protein synthesis, and organelle duplication/ production. G1 is a stage of interphase with G0 coming before and the S stage coming after.
What happens during the S stage? What stages come before and after it?
The S stage is the period which DNA is replicated (makes a copy of every chromosome - DNA remains in the chromatin state), and histones are synthesized. It is a part of interphase with the G1 stage coming before and the G2 stage coming after.
What happens during the G2 stage? Which states come before and after?
G2 is a period of more growth, protein synthesis, and DNA begins to condense. S stage comes before and prophase comes after.
The largest portion of the cell cycle, when a parental cell is growing in preparation for division, synthesizing all necessary proteins for that task, and duplicating all of its DNA molecules, is called _______.
interphase
A region of DNA that contains the information needed to make one or more functional proteins is called a ______.
gene
Regulatory proteins that bind to DNA at the promoter region and either activate or inactivate the expression of a gene are called _____.
transcription factors
This process occurs when the DNA base sequence is used to make a complementary piece of RNA, specifically called pre-mRNA.
transcription
In what part of the cell is a section of DNA copied into RNA?
nucleus
This enzyme separates the two strands of the DNA double-helix at a specific gene and synthesizes a complementary strand of RNA.
RNA polymerase
This is the specific kind of RNA that is complementary to a gene coded in DNA and is ultimately read by ribosomes to create the protein.
mRNA
______ are noncoding segments of an immature or pre-mRNA molecule that are removed during alternative splicing (or mRNA processing) to convert pre-mRNA into mature mRNA.
introns
______ is the extracellular fluid of your erythrocytes, leukocytes, and
thrombocytes.
Plasma
______ is the extracellular fluid that surrounds body tissue cells.
Interstitial fluid
______ is the fluid inside body cells where the nucleus, organelles, and
inclusions are suspended.
Intracellular fluid
_______ is defined as the passive movement of molecules from an
area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration of
those molecules.
Diffusion
There is a very specific term for the passive movement of water across the plasma membrane to maintain osmotic equilibrium. That term is _____.
osmosis
There are two types of membrane transporters. This sub-type is a
water-filled passageway that directly links the extracellular and
intracellular compartments. These membrane transporters also ONLY
allow for passive transport of ions.
Channel proteins
This sub-type of membrane transporter binds to its substrate(s) on one side of the plasma membrane, changes conformation, and transports it/them through to the other side, but never forms a direct connection between the intracellular and extracellular compartments. These membrane transporters can also do either passive or active transport.
carrier proteins
If molecules move through the plasma membrane via membrane transporters, move down their concentration gradient, and net transport stops when the concentrations are equal on both sides of the
membrane, the process is specifically known as _____________.
Facilitated diffusion
During alternative splicing or mRNA processing, some sections of the pre-mRNA molecule are kept and spliced together to form the mature mRNA molecule. These sections that are kept and spliced together are called ______.
exons
If molecules move through the plasma membrane via membrane transporters, move against their concentration gradient, and ATP is needed as an energy source, this process is known as ___________.
Active transport
This is the name of the process where mature mRNA directs the assembly of amino acids into a polypeptide or protein.
translation
_________ channels or pores spend most of their time with their gate
open, allowing ions to move back and forth across the membrane
without regulation.
Open